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Diseases of Adult Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 general causes of ill-thrift?

A

Poor nutrition, parasitism, chronic respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, lameness, skin disease, others (mastitis, CLA, scrapie, etc.)

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2
Q

What is the main parasite of adult sheep in the UK?

A

Fluke (next is hemonchus)

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3
Q

How do you dx parasitism? (5)

A

FEC, coproantigen, FAMACHA - targeted dosing system, PM, local climate / season information

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4
Q

Tx for fluke and hemonchus?

A

Fluke:
nitroxynil, closantel, clorsulon, tricalbendazole, or double dose albendazole

Hemonchus:
nitroxynil, closantel, copper, standard nematode anthelmintics,
VACCINE (barbervax)

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5
Q

What are 3 most common causes of respiratory disease?

A

Chronic supprative pneumonia (abscessation), Jaagsietke (OPA), Maedi

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6
Q

5 less common causes of respiratory disease of adults?

A

Lungworms, pneumonic pasteurellosis, enzootic nasal tumor, inhalation pneumonia, TB

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7
Q

Causes of chronic suppurative pneumonia? (4)

A

Inhalation of bacteria, secondary bacterial infection of compromised lung tissue, hematogenous spread from septic focus, secondary to mannheimia hemolytica

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8
Q

CS of chronic suppurative pneumonia?

A

WEIGHT LOSS, depression, tachypnoea, cough

usually not pyrexic

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9
Q

CS of jaagsiekte?

A

Initial weight loss (appetite maintained), exercise intolerance, increasingly tachypnoeic, crackles over lung field

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10
Q

What kind of virus is jaagsiekte, and what is the incubation period?

A

Retrovirus

3-4 year old sheep = incubation period

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11
Q

Dx of Jaagsiekte?

A

“wheelbarrow test” - clear frothy fluid from nostrils
No detectable immune response (no blood tests)
US - sharp demarcation from normal lung tissue
PM - confirmation of diagnosis

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12
Q

Tx for Jaagsietke

A

Cull - affected sheep and offspring

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13
Q

Transmission of jaagsiekte?

A

main route of infection = respiratory (young animals mostly)

increased transmission during close contact

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14
Q

Maedi caused by what kind of virus?

A

Lentivirus (retrovirus)

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15
Q

How are sheep infected w/ Maedi?

A

infected as lambs through colostrum/milk

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16
Q

When (what age) would you be most likely to see clinical disease in Maedi animals?

A

After 3 years

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17
Q

CS of Maedi (ovine progressive pneumonia)

A

exercise intolerance
weight loss
progressive tachypnoea / dyspnoea
indurative mastitis

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18
Q

Dx of Maedi

A

Detection of antibodies to MVV -> AGIDT or ELISA

PM = firm, rubbery, heavy lungs; don’t collapse (often have concurrent pasteruellosis or jaagsiekte)

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19
Q

Dental problems!

A

I skipped writing these up because I didn’t feel like it

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20
Q

Cause of Johne’s

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (leading to protein losing enteropathy)

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21
Q

Main route of infection for Johne’s

A

fecal - oral

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22
Q

CS of Johne’s

A 
-Infected @ any age
typically 2-5 years old
-Weight loss / emaciation 
(NOT usually diarrhea)
\+/- submandibular edema
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23
Q

Dx of Johne’s

A

Hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia, serology (AGIDT and ELISA),
fecal smears (acid fast bacteria - ZN stain /PCR),
PM

Serology & fecal smears have many false negatives (low sensitivity)

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24
Q

What do you find at PM for Johne’s

A

enlarged lymphatic vessels, thickening of mucosa @ terminal ileum, enlarged mesenteric LN. (color! - sometimes orange?)

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25
Control/prevention of Johnes
Cull suspected cases (thin ewes); cull female progeny of clinical cases; separate replacement ewe lambs; reduce fecal contamination in feeding areas - inactivated vaccine (not in UK) - PM ill thrift cases
26
2 main causes of mastitis in sheep
Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus
27
5 common neuro conditions in adult sheep
Listeriosis, louping-ill, polioencephalomalacia (CCN), Scrapie, pregnancy toxemia
28
Listeriosis - cause, and what is this infection associated with?
Listeria monocytogenes, associated w/ silage feeding
29
Listeriosis - seasonal incidences - when?
Most cases Feb / March
30
Clinical syndromes of listeriosis?
Encephalitis (most common), abortion, septicemia (usually neonate), iritis / keratoconjunctivitis
31
Pathogenesis of Listeriosis (2 possible routes)
1) transmission by traveling along nerve from eye or mouth lesions 2) bacteremia --> infection of the brain
32
CS of listeric encephalitis
Depression and anorexia, pyrexia (early), head tilt, circling, unilateral facial nerve paralysis (drooping ear & eyelid), accumulation of cud (exposure keratitis), uncoordinated gait / hemiparesis, terminal convulsions (death w/in 3-4 days)
33
Dx of Listeriosis
Hx, CS, histopath (though bacterial isolation from brain can be difficult), CSF may show increased protein and mononuclear cells
34
Tx of Literiosis
only ambulatory cases likely to respond ``` prolonged tx (5-14 days) - w/ abx that penetrates the BBB good nursing ```
35
Control / prevention of liseriosis
Feed good quality silage only
36
Louping ill - what is vector?
Ixodes ricinus tick
37
CS of louping ill?
ataxia -> paralysis, convulsions, coma -> death (w/in 24-48 hours)
38
Control of loupin ill
Vaccination (of breeding replacements and purchased stock - inactivated vaccine) - single dose @ least 28 days before tick infected pasture exposure Reduce tick numbers
39
What are risk factors for polioencephalomalacia (CCN), and what causes it?
Risk factors: dietary changes (concentrates) or disruption to normal feeding in previous 2 weeks Cause: induced thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency, occasional outbreaks associated w/ high levels of dietary sulphur ex- overgrowth of thiaminase producing bacteria in rumen -> altered glucose metabolism -> necrosis of superficial cerebral grey matter -> generalized cerebral edema
40
CS of CCN
Blind, wandering, "star-gazing", high-stepping gait, head pressing +/- dorso-medial strabismus Progression to recumbency, backwards flexion of neck, hyperaestheisa, convulsions
41
DDx for CCN
Pregnancy toxemia, listeriosis, focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, acute coenurosis
42
Dx of CCN
decreased erythrocyte transketolase and increased thiaminase activity in feces, rumen fluid, blood (rarely used) usually based on CS and response to tx PM- fluorescence of cerebral cortex under UV light; histology - bilateral laminar necrosis
43
Tx of CCN
early cases better prognosis IV vitamin B1, dexamethasone make sure adequate levels of thiamine in "multivitamin injectables"
44
Prognosis of CCN
usually improve w/in 24 hours; may remain blind for 2-3 weeks earlier the case tx, the better prognosis
45
Scrapie - notifiable! | CS?
pruritis - "nibble reflex" behavioral changes (nervous, aggression, sleepy/vacant) weight loss (normal appetite), ataxia / gait changes - hypermetria, hind limb ataxia, wide-base stance head / neck tremor
46
Dx of Scrapie
PM diagnosis - histopath, IMHC and /or biochem tests for abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) lymphoid tissue biopsy in live animals
47
Transmision of scrapie
vertical (placenta / milk) lateral (direct contact and/or env contamination)
48
Control of scrapie
selective breeding
49
What is the common name for Coenurosis?
Gid
50
What causes gid?
tapeworm taenia multiceps - pasture contamination by dog feces
51
When are most cases of Gid seen?
6-24 month old sheep
52
CS of Gid?
depend on location of cyst: most = one cerebral hemisphere (contralateral blindness, circling, softening of frontal bone) cerebellum = dysmetria, ataxia, wide-based stance, bilateral proprioceptive defects
53
Dx of Gid
Hx and careful neuro exam
54
Tx of Gid
surgical removal of superficial cysts under GA
55
Cause of hepatic encephalopathy
Secondary to hepatic damage - cobalt deficiency, chronic Cu toxicity, ingestion of hepatotoxic plants
56
CS of hepatic encephalopathy
Depression, blindness, head pressing, teeth grinding
57
Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy
Liver enzymes, levels of vitamin B12 and/or Cu in blood or liver
58
Name 6 diseases caused by clostridia in adult sheep (and name the causative clostridia)
- Struck (perfringens type C) - Blackleg (chauvoei) - Black disease (novyi type B) - Malignant edema (septicum, novyi typeA, chauvoei, sordellii) - Botulism (botulinum types C and D) - Abomastitis
59
CS of struck
Enteritis, peritonitis, sudden death
60
Dx of struck
``` PM findings (free fluid, hemorrhagic enteritis) Anaerobic culture from intestinal contents ```
61
CS of malignant edema
massive facial swelling w/ edema and gas production
62
Risk factors for botulism in cattle
Poultry litter, big bale silage
63
CS of botulism
``` flaccid paralysis (less evident vs. cattle) stiffness, incoordination, excitability -> salivation, difficulty swallowing, recumbency -> death w/in 24 hours ```
64
Name 4 plants that are poisonous to sheep
Bracken, Rhododendron, Brassica (kale, rape), Ragwort
65
When are you most likely to see bracken poisoning?
Dry years; late summer / autumn
66
When will you most likely see rhododendron poisoning? What are the CS?
common following heavy snowfall CS = salivation, greenish froth around mouth and nose, severe abdominal pain; retching ataxia -> recumbency -> convulsions -> death
67
Cu poisoning CS
ataxia, aimless wandering, head pressing, stupor | jaundice, hemogobinuria, anemia, death
68
Dx of Cu poisoning
PM findings - carcass pale / jaundiced ; liver pale tan to broze color; kidneys dark red or black ; urine dark red or black Kidney Cu > 324 umol/kg DM confirms diagnosis
69
Prevention of cu poisoning
Don't give Cu supplements to housed sheep be wary of feeds with high Cu content (crops grown w/ use of pig or poultry manure, distillery by-products, palm oil or molassed sugarbeet pulp feeds, cattle feedstuff, red clover)

Sheep (11 decks)

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