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Sheep > Diseases of Adult Sheep > Flashcards

Diseases of Adult Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 general causes of ill-thrift?

A

Poor nutrition, parasitism, chronic respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, lameness, skin disease, others (mastitis, CLA, scrapie, etc.)

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2
Q

What is the main parasite of adult sheep in the UK?

A

Fluke (next is hemonchus)

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3
Q

How do you dx parasitism? (5)

A

FEC, coproantigen, FAMACHA - targeted dosing system, PM, local climate / season information

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4
Q

Tx for fluke and hemonchus?

A

Fluke:
nitroxynil, closantel, clorsulon, tricalbendazole, or double dose albendazole

Hemonchus:
nitroxynil, closantel, copper, standard nematode anthelmintics,
VACCINE (barbervax)

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5
Q

What are 3 most common causes of respiratory disease?

A

Chronic supprative pneumonia (abscessation), Jaagsietke (OPA), Maedi

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6
Q

5 less common causes of respiratory disease of adults?

A

Lungworms, pneumonic pasteurellosis, enzootic nasal tumor, inhalation pneumonia, TB

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7
Q

Causes of chronic suppurative pneumonia? (4)

A

Inhalation of bacteria, secondary bacterial infection of compromised lung tissue, hematogenous spread from septic focus, secondary to mannheimia hemolytica

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8
Q

CS of chronic suppurative pneumonia?

A

WEIGHT LOSS, depression, tachypnoea, cough

usually not pyrexic

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9
Q

CS of jaagsiekte?

A

Initial weight loss (appetite maintained), exercise intolerance, increasingly tachypnoeic, crackles over lung field

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10
Q

What kind of virus is jaagsiekte, and what is the incubation period?

A

Retrovirus

3-4 year old sheep = incubation period

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11
Q

Dx of Jaagsiekte?

A

“wheelbarrow test” - clear frothy fluid from nostrils
No detectable immune response (no blood tests)
US - sharp demarcation from normal lung tissue
PM - confirmation of diagnosis

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12
Q

Tx for Jaagsietke

A

Cull - affected sheep and offspring

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13
Q

Transmission of jaagsiekte?

A

main route of infection = respiratory (young animals mostly)

increased transmission during close contact

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14
Q

Maedi caused by what kind of virus?

A

Lentivirus (retrovirus)

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15
Q

How are sheep infected w/ Maedi?

A

infected as lambs through colostrum/milk

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16
Q

When (what age) would you be most likely to see clinical disease in Maedi animals?

A

After 3 years

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17
Q

CS of Maedi (ovine progressive pneumonia)

A

exercise intolerance
weight loss
progressive tachypnoea / dyspnoea
indurative mastitis

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18
Q

Dx of Maedi

A

Detection of antibodies to MVV -> AGIDT or ELISA

PM = firm, rubbery, heavy lungs; don’t collapse (often have concurrent pasteruellosis or jaagsiekte)

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19
Q

Dental problems!

A

I skipped writing these up because I didn’t feel like it

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20
Q

Cause of Johne’s

A

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (leading to protein losing enteropathy)

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21
Q

Main route of infection for Johne’s

A

fecal - oral

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22
Q

CS of Johne’s

A 
-Infected @ any age
typically 2-5 years old
-Weight loss / emaciation 
(NOT usually diarrhea)
\+/- submandibular edema
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23
Q

Dx of Johne’s

A

Hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia, serology (AGIDT and ELISA),
fecal smears (acid fast bacteria - ZN stain /PCR),
PM

Serology & fecal smears have many false negatives (low sensitivity)

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24
Q

What do you find at PM for Johne’s

A

enlarged lymphatic vessels, thickening of mucosa @ terminal ileum, enlarged mesenteric LN. (color! - sometimes orange?)

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25
Q

Control/prevention of Johnes

A

Cull suspected cases (thin ewes); cull female progeny of clinical cases; separate replacement ewe lambs; reduce fecal contamination in feeding areas

  • inactivated vaccine (not in UK)
  • PM ill thrift cases
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26
Q

2 main causes of mastitis in sheep

A

Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus

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27
Q

5 common neuro conditions in adult sheep

A

Listeriosis, louping-ill, polioencephalomalacia (CCN), Scrapie, pregnancy toxemia

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28
Q

Listeriosis - cause, and what is this infection associated with?

A

Listeria monocytogenes, associated w/ silage feeding

29
Q

Listeriosis - seasonal incidences - when?

A

Most cases Feb / March

30
Q

Clinical syndromes of listeriosis?

A

Encephalitis (most common), abortion, septicemia (usually neonate), iritis / keratoconjunctivitis

31
Q

Pathogenesis of Listeriosis (2 possible routes)

A

1) transmission by traveling along nerve from eye or mouth lesions
2) bacteremia –> infection of the brain

32
Q

CS of listeric encephalitis

A

Depression and anorexia, pyrexia (early), head tilt, circling, unilateral facial nerve paralysis (drooping ear & eyelid), accumulation of cud (exposure keratitis), uncoordinated gait / hemiparesis, terminal convulsions (death w/in 3-4 days)

33
Q

Dx of Listeriosis

A

Hx, CS, histopath (though bacterial isolation from brain can be difficult), CSF may show increased protein and mononuclear cells

34
Q

Tx of Literiosis

A

only ambulatory cases likely to respond

prolonged tx (5-14 days) - w/ abx that penetrates the BBB
good nursing
35
Q

Control / prevention of liseriosis

A

Feed good quality silage only

36
Q

Louping ill - what is vector?

A

Ixodes ricinus tick

37
Q

CS of louping ill?

A

ataxia -> paralysis, convulsions, coma -> death (w/in 24-48 hours)

38
Q

Control of loupin ill

A

Vaccination (of breeding replacements and purchased stock - inactivated vaccine) - single dose @ least 28 days before tick infected pasture exposure

Reduce tick numbers

39
Q

What are risk factors for polioencephalomalacia (CCN), and what causes it?

A

Risk factors: dietary changes (concentrates) or disruption to normal feeding in previous 2 weeks

Cause: induced thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency, occasional outbreaks associated w/ high levels of dietary sulphur

ex- overgrowth of thiaminase producing bacteria in rumen -> altered glucose metabolism -> necrosis of superficial cerebral grey matter -> generalized cerebral edema

40
Q

CS of CCN

A

Blind, wandering, “star-gazing”, high-stepping gait, head pressing
+/- dorso-medial strabismus

Progression to recumbency, backwards flexion of neck, hyperaestheisa, convulsions

41
Q

DDx for CCN

A

Pregnancy toxemia, listeriosis, focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, acute coenurosis

42
Q

Dx of CCN

A

decreased erythrocyte transketolase and increased thiaminase activity in feces, rumen fluid, blood (rarely used)

usually based on CS and response to tx

PM- fluorescence of cerebral cortex under UV light; histology - bilateral laminar necrosis

43
Q

Tx of CCN

A

early cases better prognosis

IV vitamin B1, dexamethasone

make sure adequate levels of thiamine in “multivitamin injectables”

44
Q

Prognosis of CCN

A

usually improve w/in 24 hours; may remain blind for 2-3 weeks
earlier the case tx, the better prognosis

45
Q

Scrapie - notifiable!

CS?

A

pruritis - “nibble reflex”
behavioral changes (nervous, aggression, sleepy/vacant)
weight loss (normal appetite),
ataxia / gait changes - hypermetria, hind limb ataxia, wide-base stance
head / neck tremor

46
Q

Dx of Scrapie

A

PM diagnosis - histopath, IMHC and /or biochem tests for abnormal prion protein (PrPsc)

lymphoid tissue biopsy in live animals

47
Q

Transmision of scrapie

A

vertical (placenta / milk)

lateral (direct contact and/or env contamination)

48
Q

Control of scrapie

A

selective breeding

49
Q

What is the common name for Coenurosis?

A

Gid

50
Q

What causes gid?

A

tapeworm taenia multiceps - pasture contamination by dog feces

51
Q

When are most cases of Gid seen?

A

6-24 month old sheep

52
Q

CS of Gid?

A

depend on location of cyst:
most = one cerebral hemisphere (contralateral blindness, circling, softening of frontal bone)

cerebellum = dysmetria, ataxia, wide-based stance, bilateral proprioceptive defects

53
Q

Dx of Gid

A

Hx and careful neuro exam

54
Q

Tx of Gid

A

surgical removal of superficial cysts under GA

55
Q

Cause of hepatic encephalopathy

A

Secondary to hepatic damage - cobalt deficiency, chronic Cu toxicity, ingestion of hepatotoxic plants

56
Q

CS of hepatic encephalopathy

A

Depression, blindness, head pressing, teeth grinding

57
Q

Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy

A

Liver enzymes, levels of vitamin B12 and/or Cu in blood or liver

58
Q

Name 6 diseases caused by clostridia in adult sheep (and name the causative clostridia)

A
  • Struck (perfringens type C)
  • Blackleg (chauvoei)
  • Black disease (novyi type B)
  • Malignant edema (septicum, novyi typeA, chauvoei, sordellii)
  • Botulism (botulinum types C and D)
  • Abomastitis
59
Q

CS of struck

A

Enteritis, peritonitis, sudden death

60
Q

Dx of struck

A 
PM findings (free fluid, hemorrhagic enteritis)
Anaerobic culture from intestinal contents
61
Q

CS of malignant edema

A

massive facial swelling w/ edema and gas production

62
Q

Risk factors for botulism in cattle

A

Poultry litter, big bale silage

63
Q

CS of botulism

A 
flaccid paralysis (less evident vs. cattle)
stiffness, incoordination, excitability -> salivation, difficulty swallowing, recumbency -> death w/in 24 hours
64
Q

Name 4 plants that are poisonous to sheep

A

Bracken, Rhododendron, Brassica (kale, rape), Ragwort

65
Q

When are you most likely to see bracken poisoning?

A

Dry years; late summer / autumn

66
Q

When will you most likely see rhododendron poisoning? What are the CS?

A

common following heavy snowfall

CS = salivation, greenish froth around mouth and nose, severe abdominal pain; retching
ataxia -> recumbency -> convulsions -> death

67
Q

Cu poisoning CS

A

ataxia, aimless wandering, head pressing, stupor

jaundice, hemogobinuria, anemia, death

68
Q

Dx of Cu poisoning

A

PM findings - carcass pale / jaundiced ; liver pale tan to broze color; kidneys dark red or black ; urine dark red or black

Kidney Cu > 324 umol/kg DM confirms diagnosis

69
Q

Prevention of cu poisoning

A

Don’t give Cu supplements to housed sheep

be wary of feeds with high Cu content (crops grown w/ use of pig or poultry manure, distillery by-products, palm oil or molassed sugarbeet pulp feeds, cattle feedstuff, red clover)

Sheep (11 decks)

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