Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Sheep > Fertility problems and Abortion > Flashcards

Fertility problems and Abortion Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 general causes of sub-optimal reproductive performance in sheep

A

1) Anestrus / low ovulation rate
2) fertilization failure
3) embryonic loss / early fetal death
4) late fetal loss (abortion/preg tox)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 3 common causes of poor ram breeding soundness

A

1) Testicular degeneration / hypoplasia
2) epididymitis
3) scrotal trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of epididymitis in the UK

A

gram negative pleomoprhic bacteria (actinobacillus seminis, hemophilus somnus, histophilus ovis)

ascending urogenital infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CS epididymitis

A

Palpable abnormalities (firm nodules in epididymis; testicular atrophy) on routine breeding soundness exam

+/- swelling, pain, lameness, inapettance during acute infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epididymitis Tx

A

Cull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is normal gestation length?

A

~147 days (142-150)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Target abortion percentage?

A

<2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name a viral cause of abortion in sheep

A

Border disease virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 2 protozoan causes of abortion in sheep

A

Toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 most commonly diagnosed causes of ovine abortion?

A

Toxoplasma gondii and Chlamydophila abortus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 5 bacterial causes of abortion in sheep

A 
Chlamydophila abortus (enzootic abortion)
campylobacter species
salmonella
leptospira iterrogans
listeria monocytogenes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name some non-infectious causes of abortion in sheep (8)

A

nutrition, pregnancy toxemia, stress, vaccination, transport, dog worry, pasteurellosis, chronic fluke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the best type of sample to submit to investigate abortion problems?

A

whole fetus / placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 5 measures that should be taken after an abortion (but before confirmation of cause is found)?

A

1) Isolation and marking of aborted ewes
2) prompt disposal of products of abortion
3) biosecurity to avoid spread
4) hygienic precautions to minimize zoonoses
5) reduced stocking density or pregnant lambing ewes (if practical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CS of chlamydial abortion?

A

in last 3 weeks of pregnancy, healthy ewes, reddish vaginal discharge, lambs freshly dead or alive (but weak and unable to suckle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Dx of chlamydial abortion?

A

Placentitis - discoloration/ necrosis of cotyledons, edema/rough thickening of intercotyledonary membranes, yellow/pink pus-like exudate

demonstration of large # of chlamydial elementary bodies in ZN stained smears of placental tissue

or paired serology if no aborted material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the outcomes of chlamydial infection for:

1) Late pregnant/non-pregnant ewes?
2) ewe in first half of pregnancy?
3) surviving lamb from infected ewe?

A

1) no immune response, abortion during last 3 weeks of NEXT pregnancy
2) abortion during last 3 weeks of CURRENT pregnancy
3) abortion during it’s first pregnancy

18
Q

Control of chlamydial abortions?

A

isolate aborted ewes + surviving lambs (cull)

remove products of abortion and contaminated bedding

Abx tx of whole flock or in-contact ewes (oxytet)

vaccination

19
Q

Chlamydial vaccination: what kind, when, result?

A

Live attenuated vaccines

vaccinate all ewes in first ear; then replacment ewes/gimmers before mating

in outbreak, may reduce but not eliminate the risk of abortion in following year

20
Q

CS of toxoplasma abortions? (early, mid, late pregnancy)

A

Early pregnancy = embryonic death / resorption (barren ewes)
mid-pregnancy = fetal death (mummification); fetal growth retardation
Late pregnancy = freshly dead lambs; weak live lambs

21
Q

Dx of Toxoplasma

A

Aborted material gross findings: placenta (hyperemic cotyledons, small white foci of necrosis & calcification), lamb (SQ edema; fibrinous exudate in pleural & peritoneal cavities)

Confirmation = histo and serology

22
Q

Serology in aborted ewes w/ toxo: what do high and low titers mean?

A

High titers = usually consistent w/ recent infection

Low titers = only indicate infection @ some stage in the past - Ab can persist for several years

23
Q

Tx and control of toxoplasma

A

Rodent control, keep feed stores safe from cats, limit cat breeding

Decoquinate - 2mg/kg SID (last 2 weeks of pregnancy)

Vaccination (toxovax) - live vx, single dose 3 weeks before mating

24
Q

How long after infection w/ campylobacter will the ewe abort?

A

7-25 days after

25
Q

What are sources of infection for campylobacter and how is it transmitted?

A

Sources = carrier ewes, wild birds, infected clothing/equipment

Transmission = direct w/ aborted material, vaginal discharges (up to 6 wks after abortion), contaminated environment (bacteria survive up to 3 weeks), NO venereal transmission (vs. cattle)

26
Q

CS of campylobacter infections

A

Late abortions - last 6 weeks of pregnancy

ewes - blood stained or purulent vaginal discharge, no systemic signs

placenta - inflamed, edematous, may be covered by thick yellow-white exudate

aborted fetuses - fresh, may contain serosanguinous exudate in body cavities

27
Q

Dx campylobacter infection

A

smears from placenta or fetal stomach

ZN or gram stain

28
Q

Tx & control of campylobacter

A

Isolation of aborted ewes
tx w/ broad spectrum abx

reduce environmental challenges
Vaccination in USA (not UK)

aborted ewes = immune, become carriers

29
Q

3 serotypes of salmonella commonly seen in UK sheep abortions

A

montevideo, typhimurium, dublin

30
Q

CS of salmonella montevideo (most common in sheep per professor)

A

abort through 2nd half pregnancy, lambs fresh or autolysed

ewes normal

31
Q

CS of salmonella dublin

A

Infection via carrier cattle

systemic illness & diarrhea more frequent in ewes

32
Q

Treatment and control of salmonellosis

A

S. montevideo = whole flock tx with long acting oxytetracycline

33
Q

how long after infection does abortion occur?

A

several weeks later - (has already had time to spread w/in the group)

34
Q

What kind of disease is border disease?

A

Pestivirus

closely related to BVDV

35
Q

Dx of border disease

A

pestivirus antigen in fetal/lamb blood & tissues

Serology - ewes; aborted fetus

36
Q

control of border disease

A

difficult
ID and cull PI animals
Mix ewe lambs/gimmers w/ main flock 6 weeks before mating

37
Q

What kind of virus is the Schmallenberg virus?

A

Orthobunya virus

38
Q

What fetal abnormalities are seen with Schmallenberg?

A

Arthrogryposis (curved joints), twisted neck/spine, short lower jaw

39
Q

How is Schmallenberg transmitted?

A

Midges

40
Q

How do you prevent Schmallenberg?

A

vaccination

decrease vector?

Sheep (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions