Labs 3-5 Flashcards
What is the habitat of Allomyces?
Freshwater
What is the phylum of Allomyces?
Chytridiomycota
True or false? All four fungi RO’s are Eukaryotic and heterotrophic.
True
Are all four fungi RO’s sessile or motile?
sessile
What is the domain of the fungi kingdom?
Eukarya
What is the common name of Allomyces?
water mold
All four fungi RO’s obtain energy by…
extracellular digestion
Fungi are heterotrophic _______.
saprobes
How does Allomyces reproduce?
Sexually: flagellated sperm and egg produced in gametangia
Asexual: mitotic spores produced in sporangia
What are hyphae?
each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus.
What are two friends of Allomyces?
Neocallimastrix and Batrachochytrium
What is the common name of Rhizopus?
Bread mold
Is Rhizopus septate?
No; aseptate
What is the phylum of Rhizopus?
Zygomycota
What is the habitat of Rhizopus?
starchy substrates
What are two structural adaptations of Rhizopus?
Rhizoids anchor to food source and stolons branch out
On the Rhizopus, sporangiophores lift _____ to distribute spores
sporangia
Describe Rhizopus reproduction.
Asexual–mitosis; stolon growth and spore distribution from sporangiophore tips
Sexual–when stressed produce gametangia fuse and form zygotes
Name two friends of Rhizopus.
Phycomyces and Entomophthora
What is the phylum of Sordaria?
Ascomycota
Which fungi RO’s are multinucleated and which are uninucleated?
Multinucleated: Allomyces and Rhizopus
Uninucleated: Sordaria and Agaricus bisporus
What is the common name of Sordaria?
Plant Saprobe
What is the habitat of Sordaria?
Dead plants and herbivore poop
What are three adaptations of Sordaria?
(1) Asocarp protects asci
(2) Ascopores shoot out and stick
(3) Mycelium grow loosely to prevent dehydration
Name three friends of Sordaria.
Claviceps, Ophiostoma, and Morchella
Describe the sexual reproduction of Sordaria.
two strains of hyphae fuse and form dikaryotic hyphae, then form acsocarp with asci cell inside that allows nuclei to fuse. The zygote undergoes meiosis twice and creates 8 ascospores. Spores produce new mycelium
What is the phylum of Agaricus bisporus?
Basidiomycota
What is the common name of Agaricus bisporus?
Edible mushroom
What is the habitat of Agaricus bisporus?
dead plants and herbivore manure
What are two adaptations of Agaricus bisporus?
Mycelium grow loosely preventing dehydration and basidiocarp grows outside of the food source increasing wind dispersion of spores
What are four friends of Agaricus bisporus?
Pleurotus, Lentinula, Polyporus, and Lycoperdon
Describe the sexual reproduction of Agaricus bisporus.
two strains of hyphae fuse and form dikaryotic hyphae then form basidiocarp. Basidia cells in the gills fuse nuclei and form 4 basidiospores that produce new mycelium
How many cotyledons do monocot and dicot embryos have?
Monocot have one and dicots have two
What is the leaf venation of monocots and dicots?
Monocots are parallel and dicots are reticulate
What are the number of flower parts of monocots and dicots?
Monocots three or multiples of three
Dicots multiples of four or five
What is the vascular tissue arrangement of monocots and dicots?
Monocots are scattered and dicots are arranged in rings
What is the root systems of monocots compared to dicots?
Monocots are fibrous and dicots are taproots
Polytrichum is non-_____ and _______ dominant.
non-vascular and gametophyte dominant
What is the phylum and common name of Polytrichum?
Bryotphyta and hair cap moss
What is the habitat of Polytrichum?
acidic soils
What are four adaptations of Polytrichum?
(1) Tall stalk lifts sporophyte above gametophyte
(2) Archegonium protects young sporophyte
(3) Calyptra protects sporangium
(4) operculum in sporangium protects developing sperm
What are three friends of Polytrichum?
Mnium, Sphagnum, and Marchantia
What is the habitat of Lycopodium?
Forest undergrowth
What are two adaptations of Lycopodium?
asexual reproduction in the absence of water and sporophyll protects sporangium
What is the phylum and common name of Lycopodium?
Lycophyta and club moss
Lycopodium and Polypodium are _______ and ________ dominant.
vascular; sporophyte
What is a friend of Lycopodium?
Selaginella
What is the phylum and common name of Polypodium?
Pteridiophyta and Rabbit’s foot fern
What is the habitat of Polypodium?
Tropical forests in South and Central America
What are three friends of Polypodium?
Salvinia, Psilotum, and Equisetum
Fungi grow stran-like filaments called ______, which form _______.
hyphae; mycellium
True or false? All fungi are heterotrophs and perform ______cellular digestion.
True. Saprobes; extracellular
How does Agaricus differ from the other fungus RO’s?
It is visible to the naked eye while the other three require a microscope to be seen clearly.
Describe the structure of Allomyces.
Haploid, branching hyphae with round, ball-like sporangia
Describe the reproduction of Allomyces.
Asexual- diploid zoospore is released from thin-walled sporangium, produced by mitosis which grows into a young diploid hyphae–this is the easier, preferred process
Sexual reproduction- thick-walled, sexual sporangia produce haploid zoospores by meiosis. These produce haploid hyphae with male and female gametangium, which produce gametes. When fertilization occurs, a diploid zygote is formed and, thus, a young diploid hyphae
Describe the structure of Rhizopus.
Rhizoids (which are similar to roots) are connected horizontally by stolons (which are like runner stems). At each rhizoid cluster there are sporangiophores that give rise to round sporangia at the top. Within the sporangia the spores are produced and contained
Describe the structure of Sordaria
Round, bulbous ascocarp protects asci. The ascus (asci plural) is a long collection of ascospores. Inside each small, round ascospores are spores.
Describe the structure of Agaricus
The basidiocarp is made of the gills and protective cap. Below is the stem. The entire structure is composed of tightly packed hyphae.
Each gill is made of basidium that give rise to the basidiospore (resembled a elongate structure with circles on the top)
True or false? Green algae store sugars in the form of starch within their mitochondria.
False. Within their chloroplasts
What is oogamous reproduction mean?
Sexual reproduction where there is a large non-motile egg that is fertilized by small, usually motile, sperm.
The purpose of this adaptation is so that only one gamete has to navigate the harsh environment. Many, smaller male gametes make fertilization more likely, while a larger egg provides more nutrients for the embryo.
All members of the kingdom of Plantae are united by the following features, which are absent in their charophycean ancestors:
(1) an alternation of life cycle
(2) gametangia and sporangia with multicellular walls
(3) embryos nourished and protected by a gametophyte
The kingdom of Plantae evolved from _________ green algae
charophycean
Which phylum is among the first organisms to colonize newly exposed soils and are sensitive to atmospheric pollution?
Bryophyta (mosses; nonvascular plants)
Describe the structure of Polytrichum.
The sporophyte arises from the gametophyte as a long stalk with a single sporangium, called a capsule, at its apex. Within the capsule, cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores. If the sporangium is immature, it will be covered by a protective, hairy, cap called the calyptra. The apex of the sporangium has a lid or operculum which protects the entrance to the spore-producing region until the spores are mature. Lastly, rhizoids anchor the plant to the soil.
Describe reproduction of Polytrichum.
(1) When the gametophyte (the leafy bottom half) is mature antheridia (male gametangia) and archegonia (female gametangia) develop at the top
(2) Fertilization gives rise to the sporophyte on top of the gametophyte
(3) Within the sporangium/capsule haploid spores are produced by meiosis and mitosis
(4) These spores give rise to new haploid gametophytes and the cycle restarts
What obstacles did vascular plants face in the transition to land? How were these obstacles overcome?
(1) Prevention of desiccation– cuticle, stomata (stem because early plants lacked leaves)
(2) Absorption of water and inorganic nutrients– early plants lacked roots, rhizoids on horizontal stems (rhizomes); roots evolved later
(3) Transport of water and nutrients–xylem transports water + dissolved minerals, phloem transports sugars (conducting tissues)
(4) Support–cell walls made of cellulose, in some additional thick cell wall (secondary wall) composed of lignin
(5) Dispersal– spores/sporangia, covered in sporopollenin for protection from microbes, enables survival in air dispersal
What are two specialized vascular tissues part of xylem tissue and phloem tissue, respectively.
water-conducting tracheids and food-conducting sieve elements
Vascular plants can further be divided into two groups:
seedless and seed plants
Note: seedless vascular plants are better adapted to terrestrial conditions than bryophytes, however require water for fertilization, thus developed asexual reproduction
Compare homosporous and heterosporous plants.
Homosporous plants produce one size of spore
Heterosporous plants produce megaspores and microspores
Pteridophyta has leaves called ________
megaphylls
How does Polytrichum differ from Polypodium and Lycopodium?
Polytrichum does not have vascular tissues
Lycopodium and Polypodium do, allowing them to grow larger
(notice the endings of the names are the same)
Describe the reproduction of Lycopodium.
(1) the strobilus of the sporophyte houses sporangium that undergo meiosis to release haploid spores
(2) these spores give rise to haploid gametophyte
(3) The mature gametophyte has antheridia (male) and archegonia (female) that release sperm and house an egg
(4) Once fertilization occurs a diploid zygote is formed that growas into an embryo
(5) this embryo will give rise to another sporophyte
Describe the structure of Lycopodium.
Sporophyte: Roots grow from horizontal stem called rhizoid; aerial stems grow verically with microphylls (these small skinny leaves); at the top is the strobilus which houses sporophylls and sporangium (where spores are produced)
Describe the reproductive cycle of Polypodium.
(1) On the underside of the megaphylls (leaves) of the diploid sporophyte are the sorus that contain sporangium, which produce haploid spores
(2) These spores germinate to create a gametophyte with archegonium (female) and antheridium (male) that produce an egg and sperm
(3) once fertilization occurs, a diploid sporophyte emerges from the haploid gametophyte
(4) once matured, the sporophyte is no longer connected to the gametophyte but the rhizoid, and the cycle comes full circle
Describe the structure of Polypodium.
Horizontal stem called rhizome with roots; stems grow from rhizome with megaphylls (like leaves). On the underside of each megaphyll are sorri (sorrus singular) that house sporangium that produce spores.
What are two major groups of seed plants?
gymnosperms (naked seeds) and angiosperms (flowering plants; emclosed seeds)
The evolutionary success of seed plants can be attributed to two crucial reproductive adaptations to terrestrial life, _____ and ______. Both of these adaptations enable seed plants to exploit dry, terrestrial environments.
pollen and seeds
What advantage do seed plants have over seedless plants?
freed from dependence on external water for fertilization
Spruce (Picea) at maturity can have sporophytes as high as 40 m. Such great heights are possible due to the _______ tissues, in particular ______ cells called ________, which transport _______ to great heights and thick walls offer rigid support.
vascular tissues, xylem cells, tracheids, transport water
Members of the phylum Anthophyta are _______ plants. They are also known as _______ because their seeds are enclosed in fruits.
flowering, angiosperms
The sepals and petals of wind-polinated species are dull in colour, reduced in size, or absent. Why would this be?
The colours of flowers are an adaptation to attract pollinators . Wind-pollinated species do not need to attract insects or animals because they use the wind to pollinate.
Describe the structure of the Caragana fruit.
Pod developed from an ovary; single carpels that retains the flower stalk and dried sepals; the pod is the ripened ovary wall; each seed is attached to the placenta (a tiny ridge of tissue running the length of the pod) by a short stalk called funiculus; the cavity within the pod is called the locule
Describe the pericarp, placenta, and seeds in a common fruit.
The pericarp is the tissue that is first inside the skin of the fruit, this would be the white part of the orange. The placenta is the white tissue in the centre or along the top of a pod. The seeds are self explanatory
Give examples of adapted stems, leaves, and roots
Stem: stolons (runners), vines, cactus stems, potatoes (tuber)
Leaves: Tendrils, Jadeplant leaves (water storage), cactus needles, venus flytrap, pitcher plant
Roots: carrots/radishes/beets, prop roots of corn, mangrove air roots
True or false? Picea and Lilium are both vascular plants.
True
What is the domain and kingdom of both Picea and Lilium?
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Seed plants such as Picea and Lilium have a dominant _______ generation.
Sporophyte
What region does Picea live in Saskatchewan?
Boreal forest
What is the phylum and common name of Picea?
Coniferophyta; White Spruce
What are some adaptations of Picea?
Trachieds– thick-walled vacular tissues
Roots–anchor, absorb nutrients
Seeds–winged, small, light with protective coat
Needles–thick cuticle prevents dehydration (evergreen, doesn’t lose leaves)
Conifers have “______” seeds
naked; because they can be seen in the cone
What are four friends of Picea?
Pine, Juniper, Cycad, Ginko
Describe the reproductive cycle of Picea.
(1) Sporophyte (adult plant) produces seed cones and pollen cones (female and male)
(2) Within the seed cone under the scales are ovules; within the pollen cones beneath the scales are microsporangia
(3) Within the microsporangia, a microsporocyte undergoes meiosis to create a pollen grain
(4) pollen grain fertilizes the archegonia within the ovule; sperm and egg combine
(5) zygote is formed, then an embryo, then the seed develops
(6) the seed will grow into a seedling, thus maturing into a adult sporophyte and coming full circle
What is the phylum and common name of Lilium?
Anthophyta; Lily
True or false? Lilium produces closed-off seeds (fruits)
False. Lilium produces enclosed seeds (fruits)
What are some adaptations of Lilium?
Strong roots, protective seed coat, flowers, sticky pollen, bright and colourful petals, nectar
Describe the structure of Lilium
Stem leads to pedicel and then sepals (green leaves at the base of the flower); then there is the petals arranged around the carpel at the top of the style; beneath the style is the ovary (these three things make up the pistil); lastly, the filaments and anthers that make up the stamen
What are six friends of Lilium?
wheat, grasses, corn, rose, peas, elm
Describe the reproductive cycle of Lilium.
(1) pollen from anthers is placed on carpels
(2) travels down the style to the ovary which contains ovules
(3) Within the ovule the sperm fertilizes the egg within the embryo sac
(4) a zygote is formed and thus an embryo
(5) matures and splits open releasing seeds that will produce more flowering plants (coming full circle)
