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BIOL121 > Lab 1-2 > Flashcards

Lab 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false? Prokaryotes are the world’s second oldest organisms.

A

False; they are the oldest

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2
Q

Prokaryotes are vital in _____ ______ on earth.

A

recycling nutrients

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cell walls contain _________, a chain of sugars and amino acids.

A

peptidoglycan

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4
Q

When bacteria undergo Gram Staining, those with a _____ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls stain ____ and are called Gram _____ bacteria. Bacteria with a ____ layer of peptidoglycan stain ____ and are called Gram _____ bacteria.

A

thick, purple, positive;

thin, pink, negative

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5
Q

Bacteria exist in the following (5) shapes:

A

(1) coccus: spherical
(2) bacillus (rod-shaped)
(3) vibrio (comma-shaped)
(4) spirillum (spiral and rigid)
(5) spirochaete (spiral and flexible)

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6
Q

What is a saprotroph?

A

A heterotroph which uses extracellular digestion to break down non-living organic material and absorb nutrients from it

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7
Q

Some blue-green algae are unicellular, some are colonial, some are _____ or even _____.

A

filamentous; branched

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8
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of thylakoids in the species Anabaena.

A

invaginations of the cell membrane that provide attachment points for pigments such as chlorphyll

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9
Q

Anabaena has larger, thick-walled specialized cell called a ______ in the middle or end of filaments that ___ _______.

A

heterocyst; fix nitrogen

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10
Q

Define photoheterotroph

A

Use sunlight to produce ATP, but cannot produce all of the organic materials they need. Obtain organic molecules produced by other organisms

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11
Q

Bifidobacterium is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) Prokaryotic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Unicellular

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12
Q

Anabaena is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) prokaryotic
b) autotrophic
c) colonial

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13
Q

Halobacterium is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) prokaryotic
b) heterotrophic
c) unicellular

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14
Q

What is the phylum of Bifidobacterium?

A

Actinobacteria

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15
Q

What is the habitat of Bifidobacterium?

A

The digestive tract of humans

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16
Q

What is the common name of Bifidobacterium?

A

Yogurt bacteria

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17
Q

What does Bifidobacterium use for ‘food’? And what is it considered because of this?

A

Non-living organic matter that the host has eaten; saprobe

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18
Q

Is Bifidobacterium sessile or motile?

A

sessile

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19
Q

How does Bifidobacterium reproduce?

A

binary fission

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20
Q

What are some of the adaptations of Bifidobacterium?

A

(1) uses extracellular digestion to break down non-living organic matter
(2) thick capsule that coats the cell wall and protects from acids or white blood cells

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21
Q

Name two friends of Bifidobacterium.

A

Streptococcus thermophilus &

Lactobacillus bulgaricus

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22
Q

What shape is Bifidobacterium

A

Bacillus (rod-shaped)

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23
Q

What phylum is Anabaena?

A

Cyanobacteria

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24
Q

What is the habitat of Anabaena?

A

Freshwater

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25
Q

How does Anabaena obtain energy and what category does that place it in?

A

Photoautotroph – photosynthesis using light
energy and carbon dioxide to form energetic
organic molecules

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26
Q

Are Anabaena sessile or motile?

A

Sessile

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27
Q

How do Anabaena reproduce?

A

Asexually by fragmentation; an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism.

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28
Q

What are three adaptations of Anabaena?

A

(1) Heterocyst – specialized cell for fixing
nitrogen (nitrogen to ammonia for amino
groups and other uses)
(2) Gelatinous sheath – holds cells in filament,
protects filament from predator or harmful
environmental factors
(3) Thylakoids – membranes to increase surface
area for photosynthetic pigments

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29
Q

What are five friends of Anabaena?

A

Gloeocapsa, Spirulina, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Fisherella

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30
Q

What is Anabaena’s common name?

A

blue-green algae

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31
Q

What is Halobacterium’s common name?

A

Dead Sea Bacterium

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32
Q

What phylum is Halobacterium?

A

Euryarchaeota

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33
Q

What is the habitat of Halobacterium?

A

Extremely saline water (Dead Sea)

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34
Q

How does Halobacterium obtain energy?

A

Light energy – unique protein called
bacteriorhodopsin (red pigment) to convert
light energy into chemical energy
Note: photoheterotrophic

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35
Q

Are Halobacteria sessile or motile?

A

Motile; Flagella and gas vesicles to float to the surface

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36
Q

What are three adaptations of Halobacterium?

A

(1) Halorhodopsins – light powered protein chloride pump to maintain high salt concentration inside the cell
(2) Gas vesicles – maintain bouyancy
(3) unique cell
membranes that make them resistant to
extreme environments

37
Q

Name two friends of Halobacterium.

A

Halococcus &

Methanomonas

38
Q

True or false? Eukaryotic cells are smaller and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

A

False; larger and more complex

39
Q

Eukaryotes have a cyto_____ composed of micro_____ and micro______.

A

cytoskeleton; microtubules; microfilaments

40
Q

Eukarya traditionally consists of four kingdoms:

A

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

41
Q

True or false?

Protists can have similarities to fungi, plants, or animals and most are unicellular

A

True

42
Q

Nutrients are distributed to the rest of the cell in Amoeba by…

A

cytoplasmic streaming

43
Q

Amoeba is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) Eukaryotic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Unicellular

44
Q

Paramecium is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) Eukaryotic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Unicellular

45
Q

Micrasterias is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) Eukaryotic
b) Autotrophic
c) Unicellular

46
Q

Fucus is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) Eukaryotic
b) Autotrophic
c) Multicellular

47
Q

What phylum is Amoeba?

A

Amoebozoa

48
Q

What is the habitat of Amoeba?

A

Aquatic (both fresh and salt water), moist

soil or digestive tract of animals

49
Q

How do Amoeba obtain energy?

A

Heterotrophic – uses phagocytosis to engulf
bacteria and other protists, intracellular
digestion

50
Q

What are two adaptions of Ameoba?

A 
(1) Contractile vacuole – osmoregulator,
maintains water balance inside cell and
prevents cell lysis
(2) Pseudopodia – move cell, used to engulf
prey
51
Q

Is Amoeba sessile or motile?

A

motile (pseudopodium)

52
Q

How do Amoeba reproduce?

A

Asexually by mitosis

53
Q

What are two of Amoeba’s friends?

A

Entamoeba gingivitis – lives on gum tissue
in mouth, feeds on bacteria
Entamoeba histolytica – parasitic in lower
digestive tract of humans = amoebic
dysentery

54
Q

True or false? Amoeba is an animal-like protist.

A

True

55
Q

What phylum is Paramecium?

A

Ciliophora

56
Q

What is the habitat of Paramecium?

A

Freshwater

57
Q

How does Paramecium obtain energy?

A

Heterotrophic – uses oral groove to direct
bacteria and other protists to food vacuole to
engulf, intracellular digestion

58
Q

Is Paramecium sessile or motile?

A

Motile use of cilia

59
Q

How do Paramecium reproduce?

A

Asexually - micronucleus uses mitosis,
macronucleus pulls apart
Sexually – conjugation, exchange of micro
nuclei

60
Q

What are three adaptations of Paramecium?

A

(1) Contractile vacuole (often atleast 2) –
osmoregulator, maintains water balance
inside cell and prevents cell lysis
(2) 2 diff. nuclei:
Macronucleus – stores some DNA for active
enzymes and extra protein requirements (due
to large size)
Micronucleus – stores entire genome
(3) Cilia – move fast and change direction easily

61
Q

What are three friends of Paramecium?

A 
Stentor – large, trumpet shaped ciliate
Euglena – small flagellate, often
photosynthetic
Spirostomum – very large (4mm), spiral
shaped ciliate
62
Q

What is the habitat of Micrasterias?

A

Freshwater

63
Q

How does Micrasterias obtain energy?

A

Photoautotroph- produce food in chloroplasts

64
Q

Is Micrasterias motile or sessile?

A

Motile; moves very slowly by secreting mucilage from pores at the apex of each of its semi-cells

65
Q

How does Micrasterias reproduce?

A

Asexually by mitosis
Also sexually by conjugation; two organisms come together and fuse their haploid cells to form diploid zygote– develops thick protective wall and is now called a zygospore.

66
Q

What are three adaptions of Micrasterias?

A

(1) Pyrenoids – embedded in chloroplast
convert sugars to starch
(2) Resistant zygospore – remain dormant for
many months, survive through poor
environment (winter, drought)
(3) One large chloroplast in each semi-cell,
efficient photosynthesizer

67
Q

What is the phylum of Micrasterias?

A

Chlorophyta

68
Q

What are the seven friends of Micrasterias?

A 
Prottococcus
Scenedesmus
Carteria
Ulothrix
Volvox
Selenastrium
Ulva
69
Q

What is the habitat of fucus?

A

Marine; salt water; rocky shores

70
Q

How does Fucus obtain its energy?

A 
Photoautotroph – uses chlorophyll c1, c2
and fucoxanthin (brown pigment)
71
Q

Is Fucus sessile or motile?

A

Sessile

72
Q

What are three adaptations of Fucus?

A

(1) Pneumatocysts – air sacs scattered
throughout body, floats body
(2) Holdfast – attaches body to rocks, etc.
(3) Swollen tips called receptacles house
Concpetacles – recessed pockets where
gametes are produced, keeps gametes from
drying out if body exposed at lower tides,
also tiny hairs around opening of
conceptacle further aid in preventing
dehydration

73
Q

How does Fucus reproduce?

A

Sexually – produces eggs (female

gametangium) and sperm (male
gametangium) in conceptacles

74
Q

Describe the generalized structure of prokaryotes.

A

At the centre prokaryotes have a bundle of genetic material (RNA) called the nucleoid. This is surrounded by cytoplasm and free ribosomes. Then there is the cell membrane, cell wall, and capsule which is covered in fimbriae/pili. Lastly, the flagella at the posterior.

75
Q

What three RO’s are prokaryotic?

A

Bifidobacterium, Anabaena, and Halobacterium

76
Q

In what ways does Anabaena differ from Bifidobacterium and Halobacterium?

A

It is autotrophic and colonial. Not hetertrophic and unicellular.

77
Q

How do Halobacterium reproduce?

A

binary fission

78
Q

How are Halobacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Anabaena similar? How are they different?

A

Similar: no distinct nucleus, microscopic size
Different: vary environments and adaptations to those environments, Anabaena is colonial while Bifidobacterium + Halobacterium are unicellular

79
Q

What are two friends of Fucus?

A

kelp (Laminaria), Diatoms

80
Q

Describe how Amoeba ingests and digests food.

A

Amoeba ingests small animals through phagocytosis; the food is digested internally (intracellular digestion) within food vacuoles.

81
Q

The phylum Ciliophora is of ______ and is ______-like species

A

Paramecium; animal-like

82
Q

Describe the body structure of Paramecium

A

Large unicellular organism covered in pellicle, which is comprised of cell membrane, cilia, and some internal membranes. The Paramecium has a oral groove that guides food to the mouth which is connected to a tubular channel. At the base of this channel food is packed into food vacuoles for digestion.

83
Q

Describe the structure of Micrasterias.

A

two semi-cells joined by a narrow isthmus. The cell membrane is tightly pressed against the cell wall. Within the isthmus is a large, clear nucleus. A single large green chloroplast fills each semi-cell. Embedded in the chloroplasts are pyrenoids.

84
Q

What pigments are found in Fucus?

A

Chlorphylls c1 and c2 and a brown pigment called fucoxanthin

85
Q

The alga Fucus branches __________ (equally) to form a relatively symmetrical body. The relatively undifferentiated, multicellular body is called a ________.

A

dichotomously; thallus

86
Q

Which protists are plant-like and which are animal-like?

A

Amoeba + Paramecium are animal-like and Fucus + Micrasterias are plant-like

87
Q

What is a major difference between protists and prokaryotes?

A

Protists have a membrane-bound nucleus unlike prokaryotes

88
Q

How does Fucus vary from the other 3 protists?

A

Fucus lives in a marine environment, the others live in freshwater environments; the only multicellular of the four protist RO’s; and the only one that reproduces sexually

BIOL121 (8 decks)

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