Lab 1-2 Flashcards
True or false? Prokaryotes are the world’s second oldest organisms.
False; they are the oldest
Prokaryotes are vital in _____ ______ on earth.
recycling nutrients
Prokaryotic cell walls contain _________, a chain of sugars and amino acids.
peptidoglycan
When bacteria undergo Gram Staining, those with a _____ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls stain ____ and are called Gram _____ bacteria. Bacteria with a ____ layer of peptidoglycan stain ____ and are called Gram _____ bacteria.
thick, purple, positive;
thin, pink, negative
Bacteria exist in the following (5) shapes:
(1) coccus: spherical
(2) bacillus (rod-shaped)
(3) vibrio (comma-shaped)
(4) spirillum (spiral and rigid)
(5) spirochaete (spiral and flexible)
What is a saprotroph?
A heterotroph which uses extracellular digestion to break down non-living organic material and absorb nutrients from it
Some blue-green algae are unicellular, some are colonial, some are _____ or even _____.
filamentous; branched
Describe the structure and purpose of thylakoids in the species Anabaena.
invaginations of the cell membrane that provide attachment points for pigments such as chlorphyll
Anabaena has larger, thick-walled specialized cell called a ______ in the middle or end of filaments that ___ _______.
heterocyst; fix nitrogen
Define photoheterotroph
Use sunlight to produce ATP, but cannot produce all of the organic materials they need. Obtain organic molecules produced by other organisms
Bifidobacterium is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Prokaryotic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Unicellular
Anabaena is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) prokaryotic
b) autotrophic
c) colonial
Halobacterium is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) prokaryotic
b) heterotrophic
c) unicellular
What is the phylum of Bifidobacterium?
Actinobacteria
What is the habitat of Bifidobacterium?
The digestive tract of humans
What is the common name of Bifidobacterium?
Yogurt bacteria
What does Bifidobacterium use for ‘food’? And what is it considered because of this?
Non-living organic matter that the host has eaten; saprobe
Is Bifidobacterium sessile or motile?
sessile
How does Bifidobacterium reproduce?
binary fission
What are some of the adaptations of Bifidobacterium?
(1) uses extracellular digestion to break down non-living organic matter
(2) thick capsule that coats the cell wall and protects from acids or white blood cells
Name two friends of Bifidobacterium.
Streptococcus thermophilus &
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
What shape is Bifidobacterium
Bacillus (rod-shaped)
What phylum is Anabaena?
Cyanobacteria
What is the habitat of Anabaena?
Freshwater
How does Anabaena obtain energy and what category does that place it in?
Photoautotroph – photosynthesis using light
energy and carbon dioxide to form energetic
organic molecules
Are Anabaena sessile or motile?
Sessile
How do Anabaena reproduce?
Asexually by fragmentation; an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism.
What are three adaptations of Anabaena?
(1) Heterocyst – specialized cell for fixing
nitrogen (nitrogen to ammonia for amino
groups and other uses)
(2) Gelatinous sheath – holds cells in filament,
protects filament from predator or harmful
environmental factors
(3) Thylakoids – membranes to increase surface
area for photosynthetic pigments
What are five friends of Anabaena?
Gloeocapsa, Spirulina, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Fisherella
What is Anabaena’s common name?
blue-green algae
What is Halobacterium’s common name?
Dead Sea Bacterium
What phylum is Halobacterium?
Euryarchaeota
What is the habitat of Halobacterium?
Extremely saline water (Dead Sea)
How does Halobacterium obtain energy?
Light energy – unique protein called
bacteriorhodopsin (red pigment) to convert
light energy into chemical energy
Note: photoheterotrophic
Are Halobacteria sessile or motile?
Motile; Flagella and gas vesicles to float to the surface
What are three adaptations of Halobacterium?
(1) Halorhodopsins – light powered protein chloride pump to maintain high salt concentration inside the cell
(2) Gas vesicles – maintain bouyancy
(3) unique cell
membranes that make them resistant to
extreme environments
Name two friends of Halobacterium.
Halococcus &
Methanomonas
True or false? Eukaryotic cells are smaller and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
False; larger and more complex
Eukaryotes have a cyto_____ composed of micro_____ and micro______.
cytoskeleton; microtubules; microfilaments
Eukarya traditionally consists of four kingdoms:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
True or false?
Protists can have similarities to fungi, plants, or animals and most are unicellular
True
Nutrients are distributed to the rest of the cell in Amoeba by…
cytoplasmic streaming
Amoeba is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Eukaryotic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Unicellular
Paramecium is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Eukaryotic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Unicellular
Micrasterias is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Eukaryotic
b) Autotrophic
c) Unicellular
Fucus is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic
b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Eukaryotic
b) Autotrophic
c) Multicellular
What phylum is Amoeba?
Amoebozoa
What is the habitat of Amoeba?
Aquatic (both fresh and salt water), moist
soil or digestive tract of animals
How do Amoeba obtain energy?
Heterotrophic – uses phagocytosis to engulf
bacteria and other protists, intracellular
digestion
What are two adaptions of Ameoba?
(1) Contractile vacuole – osmoregulator, maintains water balance inside cell and prevents cell lysis (2) Pseudopodia – move cell, used to engulf prey
Is Amoeba sessile or motile?
motile (pseudopodium)
How do Amoeba reproduce?
Asexually by mitosis
What are two of Amoeba’s friends?
Entamoeba gingivitis – lives on gum tissue
in mouth, feeds on bacteria
Entamoeba histolytica – parasitic in lower
digestive tract of humans = amoebic
dysentery
True or false? Amoeba is an animal-like protist.
True
What phylum is Paramecium?
Ciliophora
What is the habitat of Paramecium?
Freshwater
How does Paramecium obtain energy?
Heterotrophic – uses oral groove to direct
bacteria and other protists to food vacuole to
engulf, intracellular digestion
Is Paramecium sessile or motile?
Motile use of cilia
How do Paramecium reproduce?
Asexually - micronucleus uses mitosis,
macronucleus pulls apart
Sexually – conjugation, exchange of micro
nuclei
What are three adaptations of Paramecium?
(1) Contractile vacuole (often atleast 2) –
osmoregulator, maintains water balance
inside cell and prevents cell lysis
(2) 2 diff. nuclei:
Macronucleus – stores some DNA for active
enzymes and extra protein requirements (due
to large size)
Micronucleus – stores entire genome
(3) Cilia – move fast and change direction easily
What are three friends of Paramecium?
Stentor – large, trumpet shaped ciliate Euglena – small flagellate, often photosynthetic Spirostomum – very large (4mm), spiral shaped ciliate
What is the habitat of Micrasterias?
Freshwater
How does Micrasterias obtain energy?
Photoautotroph- produce food in chloroplasts
Is Micrasterias motile or sessile?
Motile; moves very slowly by secreting mucilage from pores at the apex of each of its semi-cells
How does Micrasterias reproduce?
Asexually by mitosis
Also sexually by conjugation; two organisms come together and fuse their haploid cells to form diploid zygote– develops thick protective wall and is now called a zygospore.
What are three adaptions of Micrasterias?
(1) Pyrenoids – embedded in chloroplast
convert sugars to starch
(2) Resistant zygospore – remain dormant for
many months, survive through poor
environment (winter, drought)
(3) One large chloroplast in each semi-cell,
efficient photosynthesizer
What is the phylum of Micrasterias?
Chlorophyta
What are the seven friends of Micrasterias?
Prottococcus Scenedesmus Carteria Ulothrix Volvox Selenastrium Ulva
What is the habitat of fucus?
Marine; salt water; rocky shores
How does Fucus obtain its energy?
Photoautotroph – uses chlorophyll c1, c2 and fucoxanthin (brown pigment)
Is Fucus sessile or motile?
Sessile
What are three adaptations of Fucus?
(1) Pneumatocysts – air sacs scattered
throughout body, floats body
(2) Holdfast – attaches body to rocks, etc.
(3) Swollen tips called receptacles house
Concpetacles – recessed pockets where
gametes are produced, keeps gametes from
drying out if body exposed at lower tides,
also tiny hairs around opening of
conceptacle further aid in preventing
dehydration
How does Fucus reproduce?
Sexually – produces eggs (female
gametangium) and sperm (male
gametangium) in conceptacles
Describe the generalized structure of prokaryotes.
At the centre prokaryotes have a bundle of genetic material (RNA) called the nucleoid. This is surrounded by cytoplasm and free ribosomes. Then there is the cell membrane, cell wall, and capsule which is covered in fimbriae/pili. Lastly, the flagella at the posterior.
What three RO’s are prokaryotic?
Bifidobacterium, Anabaena, and Halobacterium
In what ways does Anabaena differ from Bifidobacterium and Halobacterium?
It is autotrophic and colonial. Not hetertrophic and unicellular.
How do Halobacterium reproduce?
binary fission
How are Halobacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Anabaena similar? How are they different?
Similar: no distinct nucleus, microscopic size
Different: vary environments and adaptations to those environments, Anabaena is colonial while Bifidobacterium + Halobacterium are unicellular
What are two friends of Fucus?
kelp (Laminaria), Diatoms
Describe how Amoeba ingests and digests food.
Amoeba ingests small animals through phagocytosis; the food is digested internally (intracellular digestion) within food vacuoles.
The phylum Ciliophora is of ______ and is ______-like species
Paramecium; animal-like
Describe the body structure of Paramecium
Large unicellular organism covered in pellicle, which is comprised of cell membrane, cilia, and some internal membranes. The Paramecium has a oral groove that guides food to the mouth which is connected to a tubular channel. At the base of this channel food is packed into food vacuoles for digestion.
Describe the structure of Micrasterias.
two semi-cells joined by a narrow isthmus. The cell membrane is tightly pressed against the cell wall. Within the isthmus is a large, clear nucleus. A single large green chloroplast fills each semi-cell. Embedded in the chloroplasts are pyrenoids.
What pigments are found in Fucus?
Chlorphylls c1 and c2 and a brown pigment called fucoxanthin
The alga Fucus branches __________ (equally) to form a relatively symmetrical body. The relatively undifferentiated, multicellular body is called a ________.
dichotomously; thallus
Which protists are plant-like and which are animal-like?
Amoeba + Paramecium are animal-like and Fucus + Micrasterias are plant-like
What is a major difference between protists and prokaryotes?
Protists have a membrane-bound nucleus unlike prokaryotes
How does Fucus vary from the other 3 protists?
Fucus lives in a marine environment, the others live in freshwater environments; the only multicellular of the four protist RO’s; and the only one that reproduces sexually
