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Lab 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

True or false? Prokaryotes are the world’s second oldest organisms.

A

False; they are the oldest

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2
Q

Prokaryotes are vital in _____ ______ on earth.

A

recycling nutrients

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cell walls contain _________, a chain of sugars and amino acids.

A

peptidoglycan

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4
Q

When bacteria undergo Gram Staining, those with a _____ layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls stain ____ and are called Gram _____ bacteria. Bacteria with a ____ layer of peptidoglycan stain ____ and are called Gram _____ bacteria.

A

thick, purple, positive;

thin, pink, negative

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5
Q

Bacteria exist in the following (5) shapes:

A

(1) coccus: spherical
(2) bacillus (rod-shaped)
(3) vibrio (comma-shaped)
(4) spirillum (spiral and rigid)
(5) spirochaete (spiral and flexible)

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6
Q

What is a saprotroph?

A

A heterotroph which uses extracellular digestion to break down non-living organic material and absorb nutrients from it

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7
Q

Some blue-green algae are unicellular, some are colonial, some are _____ or even _____.

A

filamentous; branched

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8
Q

Describe the structure and purpose of thylakoids in the species Anabaena.

A

invaginations of the cell membrane that provide attachment points for pigments such as chlorphyll

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9
Q

Anabaena has larger, thick-walled specialized cell called a ______ in the middle or end of filaments that ___ _______.

A

heterocyst; fix nitrogen

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10
Q

Define photoheterotroph

A

Use sunlight to produce ATP, but cannot produce all of the organic materials they need. Obtain organic molecules produced by other organisms

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11
Q

Bifidobacterium is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) Prokaryotic
b) Heterotrophic
c) Unicellular

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12
Q

Anabaena is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) prokaryotic
b) autotrophic
c) colonial

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13
Q

Halobacterium is:
a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic

b) autotrophic or heterotrophic
c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

A

a) prokaryotic
b) heterotrophic
c) unicellular

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14
Q

What is the phylum of Bifidobacterium?

A

Actinobacteria

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15
Q

What is the habitat of Bifidobacterium?

A

The digestive tract of humans

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16
Q

What is the common name of Bifidobacterium?

A

Yogurt bacteria

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17
Q

What does Bifidobacterium use for ‘food’? And what is it considered because of this?

A

Non-living organic matter that the host has eaten; saprobe

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18
Q

Is Bifidobacterium sessile or motile?

A

sessile

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19
Q

How does Bifidobacterium reproduce?

A

binary fission

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20
Q

What are some of the adaptations of Bifidobacterium?

A

(1) uses extracellular digestion to break down non-living organic matter
(2) thick capsule that coats the cell wall and protects from acids or white blood cells

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21
Q

Name two friends of Bifidobacterium.

A

Streptococcus thermophilus &

Lactobacillus bulgaricus

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22
Q

What shape is Bifidobacterium

A

Bacillus (rod-shaped)

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23
Q

What phylum is Anabaena?

A

Cyanobacteria

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24
Q

What is the habitat of Anabaena?

A

Freshwater

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25
How does Anabaena obtain energy and what category does that place it in?
Photoautotroph – photosynthesis using light energy and carbon dioxide to form energetic organic molecules
26
Are Anabaena sessile or motile?
Sessile
27
How do Anabaena reproduce?
Asexually by fragmentation; an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism.
28
What are three adaptations of Anabaena?
(1) Heterocyst – specialized cell for fixing nitrogen (nitrogen to ammonia for amino groups and other uses) (2) Gelatinous sheath – holds cells in filament, protects filament from predator or harmful environmental factors (3) Thylakoids – membranes to increase surface area for photosynthetic pigments
29
What are five friends of Anabaena?
Gloeocapsa, Spirulina, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Fisherella
30
What is Anabaena's common name?
blue-green algae
31
What is Halobacterium's common name?
Dead Sea Bacterium
32
What phylum is Halobacterium?
Euryarchaeota
33
What is the habitat of Halobacterium?
Extremely saline water (Dead Sea)
34
How does Halobacterium obtain energy?
Light energy – unique protein called bacteriorhodopsin (red pigment) to convert light energy into chemical energy Note: photoheterotrophic
35
Are Halobacteria sessile or motile?
Motile; Flagella and gas vesicles to float to the surface
36
What are three adaptations of Halobacterium?
(1) Halorhodopsins – light powered protein chloride pump to maintain high salt concentration inside the cell (2) Gas vesicles – maintain bouyancy (3) unique cell membranes that make them resistant to extreme environments
37
Name two friends of Halobacterium.
Halococcus & | Methanomonas
38
True or false? Eukaryotic cells are smaller and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
False; larger and more complex
39
Eukaryotes have a cyto_____ composed of micro_____ and micro______.
cytoskeleton; microtubules; microfilaments
40
Eukarya traditionally consists of four kingdoms:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
41
True or false? | Protists can have similarities to fungi, plants, or animals and most are unicellular
True
42
Nutrients are distributed to the rest of the cell in Amoeba by...
cytoplasmic streaming
43
Amoeba is: a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic b) autotrophic or heterotrophic c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Eukaryotic b) Heterotrophic c) Unicellular
44
Paramecium is: a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic b) autotrophic or heterotrophic c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Eukaryotic b) Heterotrophic c) Unicellular
45
Micrasterias is: a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic b) autotrophic or heterotrophic c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Eukaryotic b) Autotrophic c) Unicellular
46
Fucus is: a) prokaryotic or eukaryotic b) autotrophic or heterotrophic c) Unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
a) Eukaryotic b) Autotrophic c) Multicellular
47
What phylum is Amoeba?
Amoebozoa
48
What is the habitat of Amoeba?
Aquatic (both fresh and salt water), moist | soil or digestive tract of animals
49
How do Amoeba obtain energy?
Heterotrophic – uses phagocytosis to engulf bacteria and other protists, intracellular digestion
50
What are two adaptions of Ameoba?
``` (1) Contractile vacuole – osmoregulator, maintains water balance inside cell and prevents cell lysis (2) Pseudopodia – move cell, used to engulf prey ```
51
Is Amoeba sessile or motile?
motile (pseudopodium)
52
How do Amoeba reproduce?
Asexually by mitosis
53
What are two of Amoeba's friends?
Entamoeba gingivitis – lives on gum tissue in mouth, feeds on bacteria Entamoeba histolytica – parasitic in lower digestive tract of humans = amoebic dysentery
54
True or false? Amoeba is an animal-like protist.
True
55
What phylum is Paramecium?
Ciliophora
56
What is the habitat of Paramecium?
Freshwater
57
How does Paramecium obtain energy?
Heterotrophic – uses oral groove to direct bacteria and other protists to food vacuole to engulf, intracellular digestion
58
Is Paramecium sessile or motile?
Motile use of cilia
59
How do Paramecium reproduce?
Asexually - micronucleus uses mitosis, macronucleus pulls apart Sexually – conjugation, exchange of micro nuclei
60
What are three adaptations of Paramecium?
(1) Contractile vacuole (often atleast 2) – osmoregulator, maintains water balance inside cell and prevents cell lysis (2) 2 diff. nuclei: Macronucleus – stores some DNA for active enzymes and extra protein requirements (due to large size) Micronucleus – stores entire genome (3) Cilia – move fast and change direction easily
61
What are three friends of Paramecium?
``` Stentor – large, trumpet shaped ciliate Euglena – small flagellate, often photosynthetic Spirostomum – very large (4mm), spiral shaped ciliate ```
62
What is the habitat of Micrasterias?
Freshwater
63
How does Micrasterias obtain energy?
Photoautotroph- produce food in chloroplasts
64
Is Micrasterias motile or sessile?
Motile; moves very slowly by secreting mucilage from pores at the apex of each of its semi-cells
65
How does Micrasterias reproduce?
Asexually by mitosis Also sexually by conjugation; two organisms come together and fuse their haploid cells to form diploid zygote– develops thick protective wall and is now called a zygospore.
66
What are three adaptions of Micrasterias?
(1) Pyrenoids – embedded in chloroplast convert sugars to starch (2) Resistant zygospore – remain dormant for many months, survive through poor environment (winter, drought) (3) One large chloroplast in each semi-cell, efficient photosynthesizer
67
What is the phylum of Micrasterias?
Chlorophyta
68
What are the seven friends of Micrasterias?
``` Prottococcus Scenedesmus Carteria Ulothrix Volvox Selenastrium Ulva ```
69
What is the habitat of fucus?
Marine; salt water; rocky shores
70
How does Fucus obtain its energy?
``` Photoautotroph – uses chlorophyll c1, c2 and fucoxanthin (brown pigment) ```
71
Is Fucus sessile or motile?
Sessile
72
What are three adaptations of Fucus?
(1) Pneumatocysts – air sacs scattered throughout body, floats body (2) Holdfast – attaches body to rocks, etc. (3) Swollen tips called receptacles house Concpetacles – recessed pockets where gametes are produced, keeps gametes from drying out if body exposed at lower tides, also tiny hairs around opening of conceptacle further aid in preventing dehydration
73
How does Fucus reproduce?
Sexually – produces eggs (female gametangium) and sperm (male gametangium) in conceptacles
74
Describe the generalized structure of prokaryotes.
At the centre prokaryotes have a bundle of genetic material (RNA) called the nucleoid. This is surrounded by cytoplasm and free ribosomes. Then there is the cell membrane, cell wall, and capsule which is covered in fimbriae/pili. Lastly, the flagella at the posterior.
75
What three RO's are prokaryotic?
Bifidobacterium, Anabaena, and Halobacterium
76
In what ways does Anabaena differ from Bifidobacterium and Halobacterium?
It is autotrophic and colonial. Not hetertrophic and unicellular.
77
How do Halobacterium reproduce?
binary fission
78
How are Halobacterium, Bifidobacterium, and Anabaena similar? How are they different?
Similar: no distinct nucleus, microscopic size Different: vary environments and adaptations to those environments, Anabaena is colonial while Bifidobacterium + Halobacterium are unicellular
79
What are two friends of Fucus?
kelp (Laminaria), Diatoms
80
Describe how Amoeba ingests and digests food.
Amoeba ingests small animals through phagocytosis; the food is digested internally (intracellular digestion) within food vacuoles.
81
The phylum Ciliophora is of ______ and is ______-like species
Paramecium; animal-like
82
Describe the body structure of Paramecium
Large unicellular organism covered in pellicle, which is comprised of cell membrane, cilia, and some internal membranes. The Paramecium has a oral groove that guides food to the mouth which is connected to a tubular channel. At the base of this channel food is packed into food vacuoles for digestion.
83
Describe the structure of Micrasterias.
two semi-cells joined by a narrow isthmus. The cell membrane is tightly pressed against the cell wall. Within the isthmus is a large, clear nucleus. A single large green chloroplast fills each semi-cell. Embedded in the chloroplasts are pyrenoids.
84
What pigments are found in Fucus?
Chlorphylls c1 and c2 and a brown pigment called fucoxanthin
85
The alga Fucus branches __________ (equally) to form a relatively symmetrical body. The relatively undifferentiated, multicellular body is called a ________.
dichotomously; thallus
86
Which protists are plant-like and which are animal-like?
Amoeba + Paramecium are animal-like and Fucus + Micrasterias are plant-like
87
What is a major difference between protists and prokaryotes?
Protists have a membrane-bound nucleus unlike prokaryotes
88
How does Fucus vary from the other 3 protists?
Fucus lives in a marine environment, the others live in freshwater environments; the only multicellular of the four protist RO's; and the only one that reproduces sexually

BIOL121 (8 decks)

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