labs Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of electrophoresis are we using?

A

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)

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2
Q

what is PAGE used for

A

separating small molecules such as proteins

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3
Q

how many common amino acids

A

20

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4
Q

primary protein structure

A

sequence of amino acids in the chain

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5
Q

secondary protein structures

A

H bonding between components of backbone (helices, sheets)

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6
Q

where are disulfide bonds and H-bonding between side chains found

A

tertiary and quaternary structures

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7
Q

tertiary structure

A

interaction of hydrophilic and hydrophobic side chains with aqueous environment

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8
Q

ex. of tertiary. proteins

A

structural and globular proteins

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9
Q

quaternary structure

A

interaction of polypeptide chains with others

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10
Q

ex. of quaternary proteins

A
  • myosin
  • hemoglobin
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11
Q

what was PAGE analysis first carried out for

A

showing sickle cell anemia caused by change to single amino acid of hemoglobin

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12
Q

what detergent are we using

A

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)

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13
Q

is SDS anionic or cationic

A

anionic

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14
Q

function of SDS and heat

A
  • denatures the protein tertiary and quaternary structures so the proteins become more linear
  • SDS gives protein an overall negative charge with strength that is relative to length of chain
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15
Q

where do the proteins flow from

A

negative cathode to positive anode

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16
Q

do larger or smaller proteins move more slowly

A

larger

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17
Q

how are proteins measured

A

Daltons (mass of hydrogen atom - 1.66 x 10^-24 g)
- use kilodaltons

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18
Q

average weight of amino acid

A

110 daltons

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19
Q

what is the tank buffer called

20
Q

components of tank buffer

A
  • tris
  • glycine
  • SDS
21
Q

tris

A

modulates pH and Cl-

22
Q

glycine

A

provides important ion source

23
Q

sample buffer name

24
Q

Laemmli sample buffer components

A
  • tris
  • SDS
  • bromophenol blue
  • beta-mercaptoethanol
  • glycerol
25
bromophenol blue
relative location of our sample
26
beta-mercaptoethanol
reduces disulfide bonds
27
glycerol
increases density of sample so it falls into well
28
boiling breaks all but what?
disulfide
29
fixative ratio
50:10:40 ethanol:acetic acid: water
30
purpose of fixative
1. removes SDS for better staining 2. fixes proteins in place in gel
31
approx weight of protein
#aa x 110 daltons
32
why 15 times
dislodges the membrane just enough to get the proteins out
33
contractile elements of muscle cells
myofibrils that are bundled into muscle fibers
34
each myofibril consists of contractile units called __________
sarcomeres
35
when does the sarcomere shorten
when myosin hydrolyzes ATP
36
biggest additional protein used in muscle contraction
titin
37
titin function
centers myosin in sarcomere
38
tropomyosin function
strengthens actin filaments
39
myosin heavy chain
slides actin filaments
40
myosin light chain
slides actin filaments
41
what website did we use
fishbase.net
42
what does an evolutionary tree/cladogram show
evolutionary lineages of different species over relative time
43
the Gnathostoma fishes are divided into which classes?
- Chondrichthyes - Osteichthyes
44
2 subclasses of Osteichthyes
- Sarcopterygians - actinopterygians
45
Sarcopterygians
living fossil, coelacanth, tetrapods
46
actinopterygian
modern ray-finned fish