1.1-1.7

Question 1

cells vary in ______ and _______

Answer 1

size, shape

Question 2

all cells are bounded by what

Answer 2

lipid bilayer

Question 3

amphipathic

Answer 3

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Question 4

minimal features of a cell

Answer 4

1. plasma membrane
2. genome
3. information transfer
4. energy utilization

Question 5

it is a big leap of scientific faith to believe what?

Answer 5

that all the molecules necessary for cellular function arose spontaneously (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, lipids)

Question 6

it is a much larger leap to believe that

Answer 6

proteins are covalently bonded and folded correctly to get their function

Question 7

number of subcellular compartments in prok. cell

Answer 7

one - single compartment

Question 8

2 domains of prokaryotes

Answer 8

1. bacteria
2. archaea

Question 9

number of subcellular compartments in euk. cell

Answer 9

2+ subcellular compartments

Question 10

domains in eukarya

Answer 10

1. eukarya

Question 11

how many total domains of life

Answer 11

3

Question 12

euk kingdoms that contain unicellular organisms

Answer 12

• protista
• fungi

Question 13

how many bacterial domains are unicellular

Answer 13

both

Question 14

true or false: cell walls are found around all proks

Answer 14

false

Question 15

ex. of prok without cell walls

Answer 15

mycoplasma pneumonia - causes walking pneumonia

Question 16

2 major groups of bacteria based off of cell wall constitutions

Answer 16

1. gram negative
2. gram positive

Question 17

gram negative

Answer 17

2nd membrane surrounds cells all, prevents stain from reacting

Question 18

gram positive

Answer 18

cell wall surrounding PM, stain reacts directly w/ wall

Question 19

where are archaea usually found

Answer 19

extreme environments

Question 20

at the molecular level, many components of archaea are most similar to ___________

Answer 20

eukaryotes

Question 21

classifications of prokaryotes according to temperature affinity

Answer 21

1. mesophiles
2. psychrophiles
3. thermophiles

Question 22

mesophiles

Answer 22

25-40 degrees C
- most prok

Question 23

psychrophiles

Answer 23

15-20 degrees C
- cold water/soil

Question 24

thermophiles

Answer 24

50-60 degrees C

Question 25

classifications of prokaryotes according to pH affinity

Answer 25

1. acidophiles 2. alkalinophiles (basophiles)

Question 26

acidophiles

Answer 26

pH below 5.4

Question 27

alkalinophiles

Answer 27

can grow in pH of 12

Question 28

classification of prokaryotes according to oxygen requirements

Answer 28

- aerobic - anaerobic - facultatively anaerobic

Question 29

aerobic

Answer 29

w/ oxygen

Question 30

anaerobic

Answer 30

w/o oxygen

Question 31

facultatively anaerobic

Answer 31

can switch depending on conditions

Question 32

how many major compartments do eukaryotic cells have

Answer 32

2: nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 33

nuclear pores

Answer 33

fluid flows continuously between nucleus/cytosol

Question 34

what are nuclear pores regulated by

Answer 34

nuclear pore complexes (NPC)

Question 35

what do nuclear pores control

Answer 35

entry/exit of nucleic acids and proteins

Question 36

what do nuclear pores not control

Answer 36

gases, water, and ions (small things)

Question 37

the concentration of DNA is equivalent to what?

Answer 37

"gel of high viscosity"

Question 38

ex. of intracellular membranes that are contiguous

Answer 38

- outer nuclear membrane - ER

Question 39

which membranes communicate via fission and fusion or their membranes

Answer 39

ER, Golgi, endosomes, plasma membrane, lysosomes

Question 40

secretory pathway

Answer 40

proteins made in RER transported by vesicle to Golgi then to PM

Question 41

membrane properties

Answer 41

- amphipathic - selective permeability - proteins - cholesterol - sugars - glycoproteins

Question 42

where are Ca2+ levels high

Answer 42

mitochondria, nucleus, ER/SR - not cytosol

Question 43

4 main messengers

Answer 43

DAG, IP3, Ca2+, cAMP

Question 44

every membrane has a different percentage of what?

Answer 44

phospholipids

Question 45

true or false: leaflets (halves) of bilayers are distinct from each other in phospholipid composition

Answer 45

true

Question 46

true or false: some channels are only on the inner membrane

Answer 46

true

Question 47

pH of lysosome

Answer 47

4.5

Question 48

pH in mitochondrial matrix

Answer 48

8

Question 49

largest and most noticeable compartment in a euk cell

Answer 49

nucleus

Question 50

exception where nucleus isn't the largest/most noticeable compartment in a euk cell

Answer 50

vacuole in plant cells

Question 51

what does an envelope consist of

Answer 51

two phospholipid bilayers

Question 52

the outer membrane of the nucleus is continuous with what?

Answer 52

ER membrane

Question 53

lumen in between outer/inner membrane of nuclear envelope is continuous with what?

Answer 53

ER lumen

Question 54

chromatin

Answer 54

genetic material (unwound)

Question 55

ex. of non-membrane-bound sub compartments in nucleus

Answer 55

- nucleolus - inclusion bodies - Cajal bodies

Question 56

where are ribosomal RNAs synthesized and subunits assembled

Answer 56

nucleolus

Question 57

inclusion bodies

Answer 57

storage and aggregation of proteins

Question 58

Cajal bodies

Answer 58

RNA metabolism

Question 59

what does the nucleus separate in eukaryotes

Answer 59

tcr and tsl

Question 60

ex. of eukaryotic cells that have no nucleus

Answer 60

mature mammalian RBCs

Question 61

syncytia

Answer 61

produced by many nuclear divisions with no cytokinesis - hundreds of nuclei

Question 62

where are syncytia found

Answer 62

- insect development - muscle cells fusing together - T-cells forced to fuse together by an HIV infection