1.1-1.7 Flashcards
cells vary in ______ and _______
size, shape
all cells are bounded by what
lipid bilayer
amphipathic
both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
minimal features of a cell
- plasma membrane
- genome
- information transfer
- energy utilization
it is a big leap of scientific faith to believe what?
that all the molecules necessary for cellular function arose spontaneously (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, lipids)
it is a much larger leap to believe that
proteins are covalently bonded and folded correctly to get their function
number of subcellular compartments in prok. cell
one - single compartment
2 domains of prokaryotes
- bacteria
- archaea
number of subcellular compartments in euk. cell
2+ subcellular compartments
domains in eukarya
- eukarya
how many total domains of life
3
euk kingdoms that contain unicellular organisms
- protista
- fungi
how many bacterial domains are unicellular
both
true or false: cell walls are found around all proks
false
ex. of prok without cell walls
mycoplasma pneumonia - causes walking pneumonia
2 major groups of bacteria based off of cell wall constitutions
- gram negative
- gram positive
gram negative
2nd membrane surrounds cells all, prevents stain from reacting
gram positive
cell wall surrounding PM, stain reacts directly w/ wall
where are archaea usually found
extreme environments
at the molecular level, many components of archaea are most similar to ___________
eukaryotes
classifications of prokaryotes according to temperature affinity
- mesophiles
- psychrophiles
- thermophiles
mesophiles
25-40 degrees C
- most prok
psychrophiles
15-20 degrees C
- cold water/soil
thermophiles
50-60 degrees C
classifications of prokaryotes according to pH affinity
- acidophiles
- alkalinophiles (basophiles)
acidophiles
pH below 5.4
alkalinophiles
can grow in pH of 12
classification of prokaryotes according to oxygen requirements
- aerobic
- anaerobic
- facultatively anaerobic
aerobic
w/ oxygen
anaerobic
w/o oxygen
facultatively anaerobic
can switch depending on conditions
how many major compartments do eukaryotic cells have
2: nucleus and cytoplasm
nuclear pores
fluid flows continuously between nucleus/cytosol
what are nuclear pores regulated by
nuclear pore complexes (NPC)
what do nuclear pores control
entry/exit of nucleic acids and proteins
what do nuclear pores not control
gases, water, and ions (small things)
the concentration of DNA is equivalent to what?
“gel of high viscosity”
ex. of intracellular membranes that are contiguous
- outer nuclear membrane
- ER
which membranes communicate via fission and fusion or their membranes
ER, Golgi, endosomes, plasma membrane, lysosomes
secretory pathway
proteins made in RER transported by vesicle to Golgi then to PM
membrane properties
- amphipathic
- selective permeability
- proteins
- cholesterol
- sugars
- glycoproteins
where are Ca2+ levels high
mitochondria, nucleus, ER/SR
- not cytosol
4 main messengers
DAG, IP3, Ca2+, cAMP
every membrane has a different percentage of what?
phospholipids
true or false: leaflets (halves) of bilayers are distinct from each other in phospholipid composition
true
true or false: some channels are only on the inner membrane
true
pH of lysosome
4.5
pH in mitochondrial matrix
8
largest and most noticeable compartment in a euk cell
nucleus
exception where nucleus isn’t the largest/most noticeable compartment in a euk cell
vacuole in plant cells
what does an envelope consist of
two phospholipid bilayers
the outer membrane of the nucleus is continuous with what?
ER membrane
lumen in between outer/inner membrane of nuclear envelope is continuous with what?
ER lumen
chromatin
genetic material (unwound)
ex. of non-membrane-bound sub compartments in nucleus
- nucleolus
- inclusion bodies
- Cajal bodies
where are ribosomal RNAs synthesized and subunits assembled
nucleolus
inclusion bodies
storage and aggregation of proteins
Cajal bodies
RNA metabolism
what does the nucleus separate in eukaryotes
tcr and tsl
ex. of eukaryotic cells that have no nucleus
mature mammalian RBCs
syncytia
produced by many nuclear divisions with no cytokinesis - hundreds of nuclei
where are syncytia found
- insect development
- muscle cells fusing together
- T-cells forced to fuse together by an HIV infection
