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Y5 Gynae & Obstetrics > Labour: Normal and Abnormal Delivery > Flashcards

Labour: Normal and Abnormal Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

What is foetal lie?

A

The relationship between the long axis of the foetus and the long axis of the mother

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2
Q

What can foetal lies be?

A

Longitudinal: parallel
Oblique
Transverse

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3
Q

What is presentation of the foetus?

A

The part of the foetus that will present first (lying over the inlet)

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4
Q

What can foetal presentations be?

A

Cephalic (vertex, face, brow)
Breech (footling, frank)
Shoulder

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5
Q

What is engagement of the foetus?

A

Descent of the foetal head into the pelvis

Described as <=2/5 of the head palpable abdominally, above the pubic symphisis

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6
Q

What is Attitude of the foetus?

A

Relationship of the foetal head to other body parts (flexed/extended)

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7
Q

What is the denominator’

A

The arbitrary chosen point of the presenting part of the foetus used to describe the position of the foetus

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8
Q

What is the denominator for a vertex cephalic foetus?

A

occiput

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9
Q

What is the denominator for a brow cephalic foetus?

A

frontal

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10
Q

What are the diameters of the pelvic inlet?

A

Transverse 13.5

AP 11

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11
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?

A

Anterior - pubic symphysis
Lateral - ilium
POsterior - sacrum

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12
Q

What are the diameters of the pelvic outlet?

A

Transverse 11

AP 13.5

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13
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic outlet?

A

Anterior - inferior border of pubic symphiosis
Lateral - inferior ramus of pubis, ischial tuberosity, ligaments,
Posterior - coccyx

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14
Q

What do the measurements of pelvic inlet and outlet mean for the baby head?

A

At the pelvic inlet - head should be transversals

At pelvic outlet - head should be OA

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15
Q

Where does the head rotate from transverse to OA?

A

In the mid pelvis

As diameters in the mid pelvis are quite similar (around 12 cm

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16
Q

How many types of pelvis are there, and which is the most common and best for childbirth?

A

FOUR types of pelvis

Gynaecoid is the best for labour

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17
Q

Where is the occiput on the baby’s head?

A

Over the posterior fontanelle

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18
Q

Where is the vertex on the foetal head?

A

The area between the parietal bones and the anterior and posterior fontanelle

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19
Q

What is caput and how is it graded?

A

Caput = swelling on the foetal scalp due to pressure against the cervix

Graded subjectively from 1 to 3

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20
Q

What is moulding ?

A

Overlapping of skull parietal vibes of the foetus as thee baby’s head is squeezed through the maternal pelvis

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21
Q

What it severe moulding an indication of ?

A

Obstructed labour

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22
Q

What is the best cephalic position for spontaneous vaginal birth? and which positions should you avoid?

A

OA is the best

OT (occipito-transverse) or OP (occipito-posterior) are bad

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23
Q

What is the cervix like before labour?

A

Long, firm, closed

Covered internally by a protective mucous plug

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24
Q

What happens to the cervix for labour to progress?

A

Softens, shortens, thins out (EFFACES), dilates

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25
What is the cellular action of prostaglandins and oxytocin?
They increase cellular calcium | Thereby they stimulates contraction
26
What is retraction of the uterus?
Progressive shortening of the uterus due to actin-myosin interactions along the whole length of the filament
27
What happens to the uterus because of retraction?
Upper segment becomes thicker and actively contracting Lower segment becomes thinner and stretched out This results in the cervix being taken up (effaced) into the lower segment of thee uterus
28
What is the function of progesterone during late gestation
Progesterone maintains uterine relaxation (suppresses prostaglandin and oxytocin release)
29
What hormone opposes the action of progesterone?
oestrogen
30
What hormonal changes occur prior to labour?=
Decrease in progesterone receptors Increase in oestrogen Synthesis of Prostaglandin by chorion and decidua Synthesis of CRH by placenta
31
What is the function of CRH?
Potentiates prostaglandins and oxytocin
32
What is the function of prostaglandins and oxytocin
to cause myometrial contractions
33
What is the Ferguson reflex?
pressure of the foetal presenting part against the crvix causes increased oxytocin release from the maternal putuitary This stimulates uterine contractions This in turn increases pressure on the cervix
34
What is labour?
The presence of strong regular painful contractions resulting in cervical changes (dilatation, effacementI) and aiming to expel the foetus
35
What occurs in the first stage of labour?=
Painful contractions + cervical changes (from 0 to 10cm dilation)=
36
What are the two phases of the first stage of labour=?
Early phase: time from onset of contractions to 4cm dilation ( and full effacementI) Active phase: time from 4cm dilation to full cervical dilation (10cm)
37
What is the normal rate of dilation in the active phase of the first stage of labour?
1cm every 2h
38
What is the second stage of labour?
The PUSHING STAGE | From full dilatation of the cervix to delivery of the foetus
39
What are the two phases of the second stage of labour?
Passive phase: from full dilation to onset of involuntary exclusive contractions (no maternal urges foetal head is high in the pelvis, so some time is reccomended so the head can make its way down to the pelvis) Active phase: maternal urge to push because the head is so low that it causes a reflex to bear down
40
What is the third stage of labour?
Delivery of the placenta and membranes
41
How long is a normal third stage of labour?
LESS than 30 mins
42
What are the 7 steps of labour?
Every darn fool in Egypt eats raw eggs Engagement - foetal head enters pelvis in transverse position. Largest part of the head passes through pelvic inlet; only 2/5ths of head palpable from the abdomen Descent Flexion - head presses against chest as it descends into narrower mipelvis Internal rotation - foetal shoulders internally rotate by 45 degrees, so head goes to OA position and shoulders at T position can pass through pelvic inlet Extension - crowning of the head, as the occiput escapes from underneath the pubic symphysis Restitution (External rotation) - head externally rotates for shoulders (OA position) can pass through the pelvic outlet Expulsion . anterior shoulder out first, then posterior, then whole body
43
How do you diagnose delay in the active first stage?
Less than 2 cm dilation in 4 hours (same if nullip or multip)
44
How do you diagnose delay in the active second stage=
First labour: >2h | Subsequent labour: >1h
45
What is done to the baby once it is delivered?
Keep baby's head dependent (so mucous can drain out) Clamp and cut the cord Give baby Apgar score at 1 min and 5 mins of age Give vitamin K
46
What is active management of the third stage?
RECCOMENDED TO ALL WOMEN | Controlled cord traction + ergometrine
47
Why is active managanebt of the third stage important =
It reduces risk off PPH
48
What is the cause of prolonged latent phase?
None, just common in primes
49
How do you manage prolonged latent phase?
Manage away from suite with simple analgesia, mobilisation, reassurnce Very frustrating for woman
50
What are causes of the poor progress in first stage of labour?
- dysfunctional uterine activity (common in primes/older women) with irregular, weak, infrequent contractions - cephalopelvic disproportion (anatomical disproportion between foetal head and maternal pelvis)
51
How many contractions are ideal per 10 mins?
4-5 in 10 minutes
52
What do you do if delay in the first stage of labour its confirmed=?
1. ARM 2. If poor progress after 2 more hours, give SYNCTOCINON 3. If poor progress after 4-6h, offer C section
53
What is synctocinon?
An oxytocin infusion Start it slowly, then increase gradually beware of excessive contractions
54
What are cephalopelvic disproportion causes?
MATERNAL - small maternal pelvis (prior fracture, metabolic bone disease) - Fibroids in lower uterine segment FOETAL .- Macrocephaly in foetus (e.g. due to obstructive hydrocephalus) - Macrosomic baby
55
What causes poor progress in second stage?
- Secondary dysfunctional uterine activity (exacerbated by epidural) - android pelvis (narrow, causes delay in internal rotation) - resistant perineum - persistent OP position
56
How do you treat Secondary dysfunctional uterine activity
rehydration | IV synctocynon
57
How do you manage poor progress in second stage=
- Instrumental vaginal delivery | - episiotomy
58
What two things make you worry about foetal distress in labour?
``` Fresh meconium (thick, dark green or black) Abnormal CTG ```
59
What does healthy meconium look like?
thin and light
60
What does healthy meconium indicate?=
Foetal gut maturity
61
What do you do if you see abnormal meconium ?
CTG (contiunous foetal monitoring) If suspicious, perform immediate vaginal examination (exclude malpresentation / cord prolapse) Potentially perform foetal blood sampling
62
What are good pain relief methods in labour?
1. Paracetamol 2. Opiates (diamorhone, pethidine) but give with antiemetic 3. Nitrous oxide (entonox) 4. Epidural
63
What is a negative effect of epidural?
It INCREASES instrumental delivery | Does NOT increase C sec rates
64
What is a risk in women with previous C sec wanting a VBAC?
Risk of uterine scar rupture
65
How many women does uterine scar rupture occur in for VBAC?
1 in 200
66
What is the percentage of VBAC women who have a successful VBAC?
70%
67
What are risks of uterine rupture to the mother?
Shock Need for blood transfusion Operative repair Hysterectomy
68
What is the risk of uterine rupture to the foetus?
Hypoxia permanent neuro injury perinatal death
69
What are signs of uterine rupture
``` Severe lower abdominal pain Vaginal bleeding Haematurai Cessation of contractions Maternal tachycardia Foetal tachycardia Foetal head no longer palpable on exam ```
70
What relative contraindications for VBAC?
>=2 prior CS Need for Induction of labour Prior labour suggesting cephalopelvic disproportiuon
71
What is an absolute contrainfication for VBAC and why=
Previous CLASSICAL C SECTION scar Because this means the scar is in the upper uterus so higher chance of rupture
72
What are the complications of breech presentation?
- cord prolapse - cord compression - damage to visceral organs / brachial plexus
73
When is vaginal delivery acceptable with twins=?
If the first twin is cephalic
74
What do you do if the first twin is breech?
C sec
75
What percentage of pregnancies in the UK are induced?
25%
76
What are indications for induction of labour?
Prolonged pregnancy >41 weeks (increased risk of stillbirth, meconium aspiration...) PROM (prelabour rupture due to risk of amnionitis) PET, GDM, OC Deteriorating maternal illness Unexplained APH Twins > 38 weeks
77
What are ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS for IOL?
Placenta previa | Severe foetal compromise
78
What is the Bishop score?
Quantify the appropriateness of induction based on how far cervical changes have progressed - high score = favourable Cervix = short and easy IOL - low score = unfavourable cervix = long IOL; likely fail
79
What order do you use methods of induction?
1. Membrane sweep 2. Prostaglandin 3. ARM 4. Oxytocin infusion
80
What is the membrane sweep?
introduction of a gloved finger into cervix and rotate around inner rim of cervix Should stimulate prostaglandin production
81
When is membrane sweep appropriate?
>40 weeks
82
What forms of prostaglandins. can you give?
Prostin (gel) - at least 2 doses 6 hours apart vaginally | Propess (pessary) - leave in place for up to 24h
83
What must you exclude before doing a membrane sweep'
Placenta previa
84
How do you regulate oxytocin infusion?
Start slow | Increase gradually every 30mins
85
What are disadvantages of IOL?
more pain Higher risk of instrumental delivery Increased risk of PPH due to uterine atony Foetal compromise due to uterine hyperstimulation
86
What is a risk of performing ARM if head is too high?
Cord prolapse
87
What are the options if IOL fail?
Rest then try again OR Csec

Y5 Gynae & Obstetrics (34 decks)

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