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Y5 Gynae & Obstetrics > Labour: Normal and Abnormal Delivery > Flashcards

Labour: Normal and Abnormal Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

What is foetal lie?

A

The relationship between the long axis of the foetus and the long axis of the mother

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2
Q

What can foetal lies be?

A

Longitudinal: parallel
Oblique
Transverse

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3
Q

What is presentation of the foetus?

A

The part of the foetus that will present first (lying over the inlet)

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4
Q

What can foetal presentations be?

A

Cephalic (vertex, face, brow)
Breech (footling, frank)
Shoulder

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5
Q

What is engagement of the foetus?

A

Descent of the foetal head into the pelvis

Described as <=2/5 of the head palpable abdominally, above the pubic symphisis

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6
Q

What is Attitude of the foetus?

A

Relationship of the foetal head to other body parts (flexed/extended)

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7
Q

What is the denominator’

A

The arbitrary chosen point of the presenting part of the foetus used to describe the position of the foetus

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8
Q

What is the denominator for a vertex cephalic foetus?

A

occiput

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9
Q

What is the denominator for a brow cephalic foetus?

A

frontal

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10
Q

What are the diameters of the pelvic inlet?

A

Transverse 13.5

AP 11

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11
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?

A

Anterior - pubic symphysis
Lateral - ilium
POsterior - sacrum

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12
Q

What are the diameters of the pelvic outlet?

A

Transverse 11

AP 13.5

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13
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic outlet?

A

Anterior - inferior border of pubic symphiosis
Lateral - inferior ramus of pubis, ischial tuberosity, ligaments,
Posterior - coccyx

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14
Q

What do the measurements of pelvic inlet and outlet mean for the baby head?

A

At the pelvic inlet - head should be transversals

At pelvic outlet - head should be OA

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15
Q

Where does the head rotate from transverse to OA?

A

In the mid pelvis

As diameters in the mid pelvis are quite similar (around 12 cm

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16
Q

How many types of pelvis are there, and which is the most common and best for childbirth?

A

FOUR types of pelvis

Gynaecoid is the best for labour

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17
Q

Where is the occiput on the baby’s head?

A

Over the posterior fontanelle

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18
Q

Where is the vertex on the foetal head?

A

The area between the parietal bones and the anterior and posterior fontanelle

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19
Q

What is caput and how is it graded?

A

Caput = swelling on the foetal scalp due to pressure against the cervix

Graded subjectively from 1 to 3

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20
Q

What is moulding ?

A

Overlapping of skull parietal vibes of the foetus as thee baby’s head is squeezed through the maternal pelvis

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21
Q

What it severe moulding an indication of ?

A

Obstructed labour

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22
Q

What is the best cephalic position for spontaneous vaginal birth? and which positions should you avoid?

A

OA is the best

OT (occipito-transverse) or OP (occipito-posterior) are bad

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23
Q

What is the cervix like before labour?

A

Long, firm, closed

Covered internally by a protective mucous plug

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24
Q

What happens to the cervix for labour to progress?

A

Softens, shortens, thins out (EFFACES), dilates

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25
Q

What is the cellular action of prostaglandins and oxytocin?

A

They increase cellular calcium

Thereby they stimulates contraction

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26
Q

What is retraction of the uterus?

A

Progressive shortening of the uterus due to actin-myosin interactions along the whole length of the filament

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27
Q

What happens to the uterus because of retraction?

A

Upper segment becomes thicker and actively contracting
Lower segment becomes thinner and stretched out
This results in the cervix being taken up (effaced) into the lower segment of thee uterus

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28
Q

What is the function of progesterone during late gestation

A

Progesterone maintains uterine relaxation (suppresses prostaglandin and oxytocin release)

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29
Q

What hormone opposes the action of progesterone?

A

oestrogen

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30
Q

What hormonal changes occur prior to labour?=

A

Decrease in progesterone receptors
Increase in oestrogen

Synthesis of Prostaglandin by chorion and decidua
Synthesis of CRH by placenta

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31
Q

What is the function of CRH?

A

Potentiates prostaglandins and oxytocin

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32
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins and oxytocin

A

to cause myometrial contractions

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33
Q

What is the Ferguson reflex?

A

pressure of the foetal presenting part against the crvix causes increased oxytocin release from the maternal putuitary
This stimulates uterine contractions
This in turn increases pressure on the cervix

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34
Q

What is labour?

A

The presence of strong regular painful contractions resulting in cervical changes (dilatation, effacementI) and aiming to expel the foetus

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35
Q

What occurs in the first stage of labour?=

A

Painful contractions + cervical changes (from 0 to 10cm dilation)=

36
Q

What are the two phases of the first stage of labour=?

A

Early phase: time from onset of contractions to 4cm dilation ( and full effacementI)

Active phase: time from 4cm dilation to full cervical dilation (10cm)

37
Q

What is the normal rate of dilation in the active phase of the first stage of labour?

A

1cm every 2h

38
Q

What is the second stage of labour?

A

The PUSHING STAGE

From full dilatation of the cervix to delivery of the foetus

39
Q

What are the two phases of the second stage of labour?

A

Passive phase: from full dilation to onset of involuntary exclusive contractions (no maternal urges foetal head is high in the pelvis, so some time is reccomended so the head can make its way down to the pelvis)

Active phase: maternal urge to push because the head is so low that it causes a reflex to bear down

40
Q

What is the third stage of labour?

A

Delivery of the placenta and membranes

41
Q

How long is a normal third stage of labour?

A

LESS than 30 mins

42
Q

What are the 7 steps of labour?

A

Every darn fool in Egypt eats raw eggs

Engagement - foetal head enters pelvis in transverse position. Largest part of the head passes through pelvic inlet; only 2/5ths of head palpable from the abdomen

Descent

Flexion - head presses against chest as it descends into narrower mipelvis

Internal rotation - foetal shoulders internally rotate by 45 degrees, so head goes to OA position and shoulders at T position can pass through pelvic inlet

Extension - crowning of the head, as the occiput escapes from underneath the pubic symphysis

Restitution (External rotation) - head externally rotates for shoulders (OA position) can pass through the pelvic outlet

Expulsion . anterior shoulder out first, then posterior, then whole body

43
Q

How do you diagnose delay in the active first stage?

A

Less than 2 cm dilation in 4 hours (same if nullip or multip)

44
Q

How do you diagnose delay in the active second stage=

A

First labour: >2h

Subsequent labour: >1h

45
Q

What is done to the baby once it is delivered?

A

Keep baby’s head dependent (so mucous can drain out)
Clamp and cut the cord
Give baby Apgar score at 1 min and 5 mins of age
Give vitamin K

46
Q

What is active management of the third stage?

A

RECCOMENDED TO ALL WOMEN

Controlled cord traction + ergometrine

47
Q

Why is active managanebt of the third stage important =

A

It reduces risk off PPH

48
Q

What is the cause of prolonged latent phase?

A

None, just common in primes

49
Q

How do you manage prolonged latent phase?

A

Manage away from suite with simple analgesia, mobilisation, reassurnce
Very frustrating for woman

50
Q

What are causes of the poor progress in first stage of labour?

A
  • dysfunctional uterine activity (common in primes/older women) with irregular, weak, infrequent contractions
  • cephalopelvic disproportion (anatomical disproportion between foetal head and maternal pelvis)
51
Q

How many contractions are ideal per 10 mins?

A

4-5 in 10 minutes

52
Q

What do you do if delay in the first stage of labour its confirmed=?

A
  1. ARM
  2. If poor progress after 2 more hours, give SYNCTOCINON
  3. If poor progress after 4-6h, offer C section
53
Q

What is synctocinon?

A

An oxytocin infusion
Start it slowly, then increase gradually
beware of excessive contractions

54
Q

What are cephalopelvic disproportion causes?

A

MATERNAL

  • small maternal pelvis (prior fracture, metabolic bone disease)
  • Fibroids in lower uterine segment

FOETAL
.- Macrocephaly in foetus (e.g. due to obstructive hydrocephalus)
- Macrosomic baby

55
Q

What causes poor progress in second stage?

A
  • Secondary dysfunctional uterine activity (exacerbated by epidural)
  • android pelvis (narrow, causes delay in internal rotation)
  • resistant perineum
  • persistent OP position
56
Q

How do you treat Secondary dysfunctional uterine activity

A

rehydration

IV synctocynon

57
Q

How do you manage poor progress in second stage=

A
  • Instrumental vaginal delivery

- episiotomy

58
Q

What two things make you worry about foetal distress in labour?

A 
Fresh meconium (thick, dark green or black)
Abnormal CTG
59
Q

What does healthy meconium look like?

A

thin and light

60
Q

What does healthy meconium indicate?=

A

Foetal gut maturity

61
Q

What do you do if you see abnormal meconium ?

A

CTG (contiunous foetal monitoring)
If suspicious, perform immediate vaginal examination (exclude malpresentation / cord prolapse)
Potentially perform foetal blood sampling

62
Q

What are good pain relief methods in labour?

A
  1. Paracetamol
  2. Opiates (diamorhone, pethidine) but give with antiemetic
  3. Nitrous oxide (entonox)
  4. Epidural
63
Q

What is a negative effect of epidural?

A

It INCREASES instrumental delivery

Does NOT increase C sec rates

64
Q

What is a risk in women with previous C sec wanting a VBAC?

A

Risk of uterine scar rupture

65
Q

How many women does uterine scar rupture occur in for VBAC?

66
Q

What is the percentage of VBAC women who have a successful VBAC?

67
Q

What are risks of uterine rupture to the mother?

A

Shock
Need for blood transfusion
Operative repair
Hysterectomy

68
Q

What is the risk of uterine rupture to the foetus?

A

Hypoxia
permanent neuro injury
perinatal death

69
Q

What are signs of uterine rupture

A 
Severe lower abdominal pain 
Vaginal bleeding 
Haematurai 
Cessation of contractions 
Maternal tachycardia 
Foetal tachycardia 
Foetal head no longer palpable on exam
70
Q

What relative contraindications for VBAC?

A

> =2 prior CS
Need for Induction of labour
Prior labour suggesting cephalopelvic disproportiuon

71
Q

What is an absolute contrainfication for VBAC and why=

A

Previous CLASSICAL C SECTION scar

Because this means the scar is in the upper uterus
so higher chance of rupture

72
Q

What are the complications of breech presentation?

A
  • cord prolapse
  • cord compression
  • damage to visceral organs / brachial plexus
73
Q

When is vaginal delivery acceptable with twins=?

A

If the first twin is cephalic

74
Q

What do you do if the first twin is breech?

75
Q

What percentage of pregnancies in the UK are induced?

76
Q

What are indications for induction of labour?

A

Prolonged pregnancy >41 weeks (increased risk of stillbirth, meconium aspiration…)
PROM (prelabour rupture due to risk of amnionitis)
PET, GDM, OC
Deteriorating maternal illness
Unexplained APH
Twins > 38 weeks

77
Q

What are ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS for IOL?

A

Placenta previa

Severe foetal compromise

78
Q

What is the Bishop score?

A

Quantify the appropriateness of induction based on how far cervical changes have progressed

  • high score = favourable Cervix = short and easy IOL
  • low score = unfavourable cervix = long IOL; likely fail
79
Q

What order do you use methods of induction?

A
  1. Membrane sweep
  2. Prostaglandin
  3. ARM
  4. Oxytocin infusion
80
Q

What is the membrane sweep?

A

introduction of a gloved finger into cervix and rotate around inner rim of cervix
Should stimulate prostaglandin production

81
Q

When is membrane sweep appropriate?

A

> 40 weeks

82
Q

What forms of prostaglandins. can you give?

A

Prostin (gel) - at least 2 doses 6 hours apart vaginally

Propess (pessary) - leave in place for up to 24h

83
Q

What must you exclude before doing a membrane sweep’

A

Placenta previa

84
Q

How do you regulate oxytocin infusion?

A

Start slow

Increase gradually every 30mins

85
Q

What are disadvantages of IOL?

A

more pain
Higher risk of instrumental delivery
Increased risk of PPH due to uterine atony
Foetal compromise due to uterine hyperstimulation

86
Q

What is a risk of performing ARM if head is too high?

A

Cord prolapse

87
Q

What are the options if IOL fail?

A

Rest then try again
OR
Csec

Y5 Gynae & Obstetrics (34 decks)

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