Laboratory procedures Flashcards
What is Activated Clotting time (ACT: activated coagulation time)
Inexpensive but relatively insensitive test to evaluate the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. The test uses a special ACT Vacutainer tube containing a diatomaceous earth activator that must be prewarmed before use. The test should not be performed in animals that are severely thrombocytopenic.
What is Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
Test used to evaluate the intrinsic and common pathways of coagulation. The test requires citrated plasma and careful adherence to collection and processing requirements.
What values are associated with Kidneys in a chemistry
BUN, creatinine, phosphorus, Ca, UPC (urine protein; creatinine ratio), USG
Why would BUN increase or decrease
Increases with kidney disease, dehydration, heart disease, poor perfusion, urinary obstruction, high protein diet
decreases with over hydration, liver disease
why would creat levels increase or decrease
increases with kidney disease, increased intake from GI tract, increased vit D, increased in growing puppies and kittens
decreases with increased urinary excretion, decreased gi absorption, insulin therapy, low vit D
What could be some causes for a shift in Ca levels
Increases with decreased kidney function, certain cancers, some toxicities, parathyroid disease
decreases with prathyroid surgery, low albumin, urinary obstruction
What occurs to the UPC if a patient has glomerular damage in kidney disease
Increases
it is a screening tool in lyme positive dogs
what is USG
Determines the kidney’s ability t concentrate urine
What is it called when 67% or more kidney nephron is dysfunction? and why does it indicate these issues?
Isosthenuria - the urine is being neither concentrated nor diluted compared with plasma
value between 1.008 - 1.012
What is the term used for patients diagnosed with diabetes insipidus or have over consumption of water called in terms of their USG?
hyposthenuria
What is the term that indicates dehydration when looking at USG
hypersthenuria
what is the longest time urine can be refrigerated for
no more than 24 hours
What is the normal pH for carnivores such as dogs and cats
5.0-7.5 (aciduric)
what is normal pH for herbivores such as horses, cattle, sheep and camelids
7.5 - 8.5 (alkaluric)
What is normal pH for omnivores such as pigs
can be either acidic value or alkalinic
why should pH be measured shortly right after collection
pH increases due to loss of carbon dioxide
What is a common cellular component in a catherized or free catch urine sample but have no clinical significance ?
squamous cells
Which is medium in size and are found either singly or in clusters obatined though catherization; typically indicates cell carcinoma of this cell?
Transitional epithelial cells
Homogenous and colorless, difficult to see and may be found in healthy animals and with increased protein leakage or tubular protein secretions - what is this protein cast?
Hyaline cast
contain cells that have been trapped within the protein matrix - which cast is this?
Cellular casts
Which cast can result from degeneration of cellular casts and are coarsely or finely granular?
Granular casts
Which casts are smooth with blunt ends and folds or cracks?
Waxy casts
struvite crystals from a dog
Low-power view of amorphous calcium phosphate crystals from a dog.
Calcium oxalate dihydrate (arrow) from a dog. Several calcium oxalate monohydrate “hemp seed” morphology crystals are present (arrowhead).
Cystine crystals from a dog.
