laboratory equipment Flashcards
the type of laboratory equipment required in a medical lab is determined by
the size of the lab
the numbers and variety of tests performed
laboratory equipment (15)
laboratory balances
triple beam balance
digital or electronic balance
centrifuge
autoclave
oven
water bath
incubator
cold temperature equipment
microscope
spectrophotometer
pH meter
vortex mixer
bunsen burner
hot plate
used to WEIGHT CHEMICAL AND MEDIA (for culturing bacteria and microorganisms)
Laboratory balances
two types of laboratory balances
double pan ( direct comparison)
single pan ( substitution)
a single beam with arms of equal length
double pan ( direct comparison )
standard weight are manually added to the right side to counterbalance the object weight
double pan
arms are unequal in length
single pan ( substitution )
object is placed on the SHORT ARM PAN and a restoring force mechanically applied to the other arm until indicator is balanced
single pan
a measuring instrument comprising a beam supported on a fulcrum
triple beam balance
manual type of laboratory balance that can weight up to as small as 10 microgram or .001 grams
triple beam balance
enables the user to measure the mass of an object by balancing it with the help of the 3 counter weights or the known values
triple beam balance
parts of the triple beam balance
base
pan
adjustment knob
pointer
triple beams
rider
solid metal platform which SUPPORTS THE REST OF THE PARTS of the triple beam balance
base
it is where the OBJECT to be weight is PLACED
pan
can be turned to ATTAIN GREATER ACCURACY while measuring
adjustment knob
present on the RIGHT HAND SIDE of the triple beam balance
pointer
it points to zero in a labeled scale
pointer
comprises 3 beams which are individually USE TO DETERMINE THE MASS OF AN OBJECT
triple beams
the user uses this to along the length of the beam to determine the object’s mass
rider
principle used in the digital or electronic balance
electromagnetic force
the digital or electronic balance can weight as little as?
0.1 micrograms or .0001 grams
it is used for CRITICAL WEIGHING
digital or electronic balance
example for digital or electronic balance
cabinet balance and single pan or top loading balance
what are the safety and quality assurance for the balance
“Keep Donuts Position, Respect Cats While Avoiding Dust”
- keep balances clean. wipe up spills immediately.
- do not subject the balance to sudden shocks and do not move it from place to place
- position the balance on a draft- or vibration free- counter
- respect the sensitivity of the balance
- calibrate the balance on a regular schedule; perform a yearly maintenance control or contact a technician to have it done
- wear gloves when weighing chemicals to avoid skin exposure to chemicals .
- avoid breathing chemical dust by wearing a mask when weighing irritant chemicals
a laboratory equipment driven by a motor that SPINS THE LIQUID FLUID at high speeds
centrifuge
laboratory centrifuge works by the what principle
sedimentation principle
what is sedimentation principle?
centripetal acceleration is used to SEPARATE THE SUBSTANCES with greater and lesser density
clinical centrifuge is used for
urinalysis and serum separation
what is the speed of the centrifuge
0 - 3000 revolutions per minute
types of centrifuge
horizontal head
fixed angle head
ultracentrifuge
serofuge
microhematocrit centrifuge
SWINGING BUCKET type centrifuge
Horizontal Head Centrifuge
centrifuge tube are held VERTICAL when NOT MOVING but in HORIZONTAL when the centrifuge is FULLY in MOTION
Horizontal Head Centrifuge
the horizontal head centrifuge can produce ______ of precipitate
tight pellet
this type of centrifuge is recommended for SERUM SEPARATOR TUBE
Horizontal head centrifuge
has a fixed angle at which THE TUBE IS HELD during centrifugation at 45 degree
Fixed angle head
sediments are pack an angle but not as tightly as with a horizontal head centrifuge
fixed angle head
angle centrifuge head is LESS AFFECTED BY HEAT BUILD UP due to air friction
fixed angle head
a centrifuge optimized for SPINNING ROTOR at a VERY HIGH SPEED
ultracentrifuge
what is the revolution per minute of the ultracentrifuge
60,000 rpm - 150, 000 rpm
separates the smaller molecules that cannot be separated by traditional centrifuge
ultracentrifuge
chambers must be refrigerated and must kept at a high vacuum
ultracentrifuge
a laboratory equipment that is used in blood banking by spinning the serum from whole blood red cells
serofuge
size of a test tube used for agglutination grading
10 mm x 75 mm
size of a test tube used for setting up serological titers and red cell washing
12 mm x 75 mm
they are usually centrifuged for 20 to 30 seconds to achieve the proper blood bank agglutination grading
glass test tubes
the exact speed of the serofuge when it used for red cell washing and grading
3400 and 3500 revolution per minute
spins the capillary tubes at high speed so that the hematocrit value can be measured
microhematocrit centrifuge
speed of the microhematocrit centrifuge is
11,000 rpm - 15,000 rpm
duration of the microhematocrit centrifuge is ___ minutes
5 minutes
a tool used to read the hematocrit level
circular or rectangular reader
centrifuge maintenance should be
weekly, monthly, and quarterly
weekly centrifuge maintenance
clean the interior components with soap and water followed by freshly made 10% sodium hypochlorite; including sample buckets
monthly centrifuge maintenance
check for unusual vibration and braking mechanism to ensure a smooth gradual stop. the timer of the centrifuge can be checked using a stop watch.
quarterly centrifuge maintenance
check the revolutions per minute at several commonly used speeds
a pressure chamber used to STERILIZE EQUIPMENTS AND SUPPLIES by subjecting them to high pressured saturated steam
autoclave
it is used for culture media and surgical materials
autoclave
what is the temperature, pressure, and time for autoclave
steam under pressure for 121 degrees Celsius 15 psi for 15 minutes
biological indicator for autoclave
geobacillus stearothermophilus or bacillus stearothermophilus
important parts of the autoclave
autoclave chamber
metal jacket’
door or cover
gauges
container for sterilized items
autoclave chamber
surrounds the chamber and the source of steam
metal jacket
securely lock and has a seal to prevent the escape of steam
door or cover
separates temperature from pressure
gauges
why do we need to loosen the covers of the glasswares in autoclaving
so that the steam can properly penetrate the lab glasswares
Stages of autoclaving
warming up
steam penetration into the load
sterilization
cooling down time
until chamber thermometer reads 121 degrees celcius
warming up
until center load reaches 121 degrees celcius
steam penetration into the load
during which the LOAD IS MAINTAINED at 121 degrees celsius
sterilization
until TEMPERATURE IN LOAD FALLS to 80 degrees celsius
cooling down time
temperature controlled chambers
above ambient or room temperature
below ambient or cold temperature
examples of above ambient or room temperature equipment
oven
water bath
incubator
examples of below ambient or cold temperature equipment
refrigerator
freezer
for high-forced volume thermal convection application
oven
provide uniform temperature althroughout
oven
usually for DRYING LABORATORY GLASSWARES
oven
temperature and time for oven
160 degrees celcius to 189 degrees celcius for 1.5 to 2 hours
Biological Indicator
B. subtilis var. Niger
Periods for oven
Heating up period
Holding period
cooling down period
TIME TAKEN for the entire load TO REACH THE STERILIZATION TEMPERATURE and may take up to 1 hour or 60 minutes
heating up period
160 degrees celcius for 45 minutes or 170 degrees celcius for 18 minutes
holding period
carried out gradually to prevent glasswares from cracking as a result for too rapid fall for temperature. may take 2 hours
cooling down period
a laboratory equipment made of container filled with heated water ( distilled or deionized)
water bath
used to incubate equipment in water at a constant temperature over a long period of time
water bath
used during incubation in microbiological laboratory work
water bath
can be also used to enable chemical reaction
water bath
types of water bath
manual and digital
type of water bath that is used commonly in histopathology section
manual
example of manual water bath
flowing water bath
floating-out bath
example of digital water bath (blood bank and hematology section)
electric water bath
parts of the water bath
digital interface or dial
indicator light
secondary safety setting
allows the user to control the temperature
digital interface or dial
turns on to indicate the water bath is working in
indicator light
prevents the water from heating to a higher temperature
secondary safety setting
a device used for MAINTANING A SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY for cultivation and manipulation of microorganisms for medical treatment and research
incubator
for incubating BACTERIAL CULTURES AND OTHER MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES that needs constant warming at
37 degrees celcius
temperature at which most microorganisms proliferate or grow
37 degrees celcius
Cold temperature equipment
refrigerator
freezer
store sterile media, reagents, preserve stock culture
refrigerator
temperature for refrigerator
4 degrees celcius to 8 degrees celcius
store dry reagents, antibiotic disks, lyophilized cultures
freezer
temperature for freezer
-10 degrees celcius to -80 degrees celcius
what are the important reminders for the cold temperature equipment
Lab Temperature Monitor
used only for laboratory purposes, not for storing food
temperatures must be checked before each use and recorded daily
monitor regularly to ensure proper operating temperature using calibrated temperature
