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MT 11 > Healthcare waste management > Flashcards

Healthcare waste management Flashcards

1
Q

Healthcare waste are generated from

A

Diagnosis, treatment, management, and immunization of humans or animals
Research about diagnosis, treatment, management, and immunization of humans or animals
Producing or testing of biological materials
Waste originating from minor or scattered sources

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2
Q

Categories of Healthcare waste

A

general
infectious
pathological
sharps
pharmaceutical
genotoxic
chemical
waste with high heavy metal contents
pressurized containers
radioactive wastes

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3
Q

Other wise known as non risk infectious disease
Comparable to domestic waste
Dealt with municipal waste disposal system
From administrative and housekeeping functions of healthcare establishment
also wastes produced during maintenance of the premises

A

General Waste

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4
Q

2 types of general waste

A

recyclable and biodegradable waste

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5
Q

Examples of recyclable wastes

A

paper, cardboard, non contaminated plastic or metals, cans or glass that can be recycled

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6
Q

Examples of biodegradable HCW

A

left over food or garden waste that can be compostedd

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7
Q

all _______ and ______ are known to have the potential of transmitting infectious agents to humans or animals

A

medical and healthcare waste

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8
Q

infectious waste are generated from

A

isolation wards of the hospital
dialysis wards
centers for caring patients infected with hepatitis virus
pathology department
operating theater
medical practices
laboratory which mainly treat patients suffering from diseases

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9
Q

infectious wastes are suspected to contain _________ to cause disease to susceptible host

A

sufficient concentration of pathogens

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10
Q

susceptible hosts are the

A

Young, Adolescence, Pregnant, Immunocompromised

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11
Q

Examples of infectious waste

A

Bacterial stocks and culture
Fecal Samples
Wastes from Hemodialyzers
Blood
Respiratory Tract Secretions
Infected Lab Animal

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12
Q

used to identify bacterial colonies

A

bacterial tubes

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13
Q

anything that contains urine sample are considered

A

infectious

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14
Q

also known as the anatomical waste
this category of waste compromises human body parts, organs, and tissue

A

Pathological Waste

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15
Q

Examples of pathological wastes

A

Human fetus, Amputated body part, Removed organs, Animal carcasses, Placenta, Tissues

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16
Q

all objects and
materials that are closely
linked with health-care
activities and pose a potential
risk of injury and infection due
to their puncture or cut
property.

A

Sharps

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17
Q

Examples of sharps waste

A

needles, ampoules, broken glassware, saw, knives, infusion sets, scalpel blades, lancets, nails, vials without content

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18
Q

Comprised expired pharmaceutical or pharmaceuticals that are unusable for other reasons

A

Pharmaceutical wastes

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19
Q

examples of pharmaceutical wastes

A

expires, unused, spilt, contaminated pharmaceutical drugs, products, vaccine, and sera
bottles or boxes with pharmaceutical residue
gloves and masks used during handling,
and connecting tubing and drug vials

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20
Q

May include certain cytostatic
drugs, vomit, urine, feces from
patients treated with cytostatic
drugs, chemicals, and radioactive
material

A

genotoxic waste

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21
Q

Cytostatic wastes are generated
from several sources and can
include the following

A

contaminated materials from drug preparation and administration, such as syringes, needles, vials, packaging

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22
Q

examples of genotoxic wastes

A

outdated drugs
excess solutions
drugs returned from the wards
Urine, feces, and vomit from patients, which may contain potentially hazardous amounts of the administered cytostatic drugs

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23
Q

Urine, feces, and vomit of patients administered with cytostatic drugs should be considered genotoxic for at least ____ hours and sometimes up to _____ week after drug administration

A

48 hours and 1 week

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24
Q

waste from health care may be hazardous or
nonhazardous; in the context of protecting health,

A

Chemical waste

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25
Q

chemical waste is considered hazardous if :

A

toxic
corrosive - acids of ph is <2; base of ph is > 12
flammable
reactive - explosive, water reactive, shock sensitive
genotoxic

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26
Q

chemical waste is considered nonhazardous if

A

the waste consists of chemicals with none of the properties of a hazardous waste

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27
Q

Subcategory under hazardous chemical wastes
Highly toxic

A

Wastes with high heavy metal content

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28
Q

examples of Wastes with high heavy metal content

A

mercury spill
lead
arsenic
cadmium waste from discarded batteries

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29
Q

examples of pressurized container

A

Pressurized cylinders, cartridges, aerosol cans containing residues

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30
Q

Liquid/gaseous materials
contaminated with
radioactive substances

A

radioactive waste

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31
Q

Produced as a result of
procedures such as in vitro
analysis of body tissue and
fluid, in vivo imaging and
tumor localization

A

radioactive waste

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32
Q

examples of radioactive waste

A

Feces/urine of patients under
radiation therapy
Residues of radioisotope
studies in the laboratory

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33
Q

HEALTH CARE WASTE GENERATORS

A

hospital
infirmaries
birthing centers
drug manufacturers
laboratories and research center
institution
clinics

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34
Q

Laboratories and Research
Centers examples

A
  • Medical and biomedical
    laboratories
  • Nuclear medicine laboratories
  • Medical research centers
  • Biotechnology laboratories
  • Blood banks and blood
    collection services
  • Animal research and testing
  • Dental prosthetic laboratories
  • Drug testing laboratories
  • HIV testing laboratories
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35
Q

examples of institution

A
  • Drug rehabilitation center
  • Schools of Radiologic
    Technology
  • Training centers for
    embalmers Medical Schools
  • Med Tech intern training
    centers
  • Nursing Homes centers
  • Dental Schools
  • Mortuary and Autopsy
    Centers
36
Q

examples of clinics

A
  • Medical
  • Surgical
  • Ambulatory
  • Alternative medicine
  • Dialysis
  • Dental
  • Health care centers
  • Dispensaries
  • Veterinary
37
Q

The ______ is often characteristic of the type of
source.

A

composition of wastes

38
Q

MEDICAL WARDS contain what type of waste

A

Mainly infectious waste and general waste

39
Q

OPERATING AND SURGICAL WARDS contain what type of waste

A

general, pathological, anatomical, infectious waste, sharps

40
Q

OTHER HEALTH CARE UNITS contain what type of waste

A

mostly general with small percentage of infectious, and sharps

41
Q

LABORATORIES contain what type of waste

A

mainly pathological, highly infectious waste, sharps, plus some radioactive and chemical waste

42
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL & CHEMICAL STORES contain what type of waste

A

mainly packaging, general waste, small quantities of pharmaceutical and chemical wastes

43
Q

SUPPORT UNITS contain what type of waste

A

general wastes only

44
Q

Preventing or reducing generation of waste with emphasis on
source reduction and recycling

A

minimization

45
Q

benefits of minimization

A
  1. Source reduction
  2. Recyclable products
  3. Good management and control practices
46
Q

BASIC STEPS IN
HANDLING WASTE

A

minimization
segregation

47
Q

an important step to waste management

A

segregation

48
Q

Reasons to take undertake waste segregation

A
  • Minimizes the amount of waste that needs to be managed
    as biohazardous or hazardous
  • Generates a solid waste stream through recycling or
    composting
  • Reduced the number of toxic substances release to the
    environment
  • Makes it easier to conduct assessments of the quantity
    and composition of different waste streams
49
Q

When handling HCW, sanitary
staff and cleaners should
always wear protective clothing
including

A

industrial aprons
boots
heavy duty gloves

50
Q

ways to avoid accumulation of the waste

A

it must be collected on a regular basis
transported to a central storage area within hcf before being treated or removed
collection must follow specific routes through the HCF to reduce the passage pf loaded carts through wards and other clean areas

51
Q

Refuse receptacle for general
waste with _____

A

plastic bag cover

52
Q

Refuse receptacle for pathological
wastes lined ____

A

with heavy gauge
plastic bag and cover

53
Q

for infectious
wards receptacle

A

Foot operated lid container
refuse receptacle lined with
heavy-gauge plastic bag
with cover;

54
Q

Refuse receptacles for
sharps with _______

A

heavy gauge
plastic bag and cover
(plastic container)

55
Q

For radioactive waste and
chemical waste receptacle

A

wooden box

56
Q

storage area should be marked

A

“CAUTION:
BIOHAZARDOUS WASTE STORAGE AREA. UNAUTHORIZED
PERSONS KEEP OUT.”

57
Q

storage area should be located :

A

within the establishment or research facility, away
from patient rooms, laboratories, hospital function/operation
rooms or any public access areas

58
Q

REQUIREMENTS FOR STORAGE FACILITIES

A
  1. Must have an impermeable, hard-standing floor with good
    drainage
  2. Easy to clean and disinfect
  3. Must have water supply for cleaning purposes
  4. Allows easy access for staff in charge of handling the waste.
  5. Must have a lock to prevent access by unauthorized persons.
  6. Easy access for waste collection vehicle
  7. Protected from sun, rain, strong winds, floods, etc.
  8. Inaccessible to animals, insects, and birds
59
Q

transport must be:

A
  • Uses wheeled trolleys, containers, or carts
  • Should be cleaned & disinfected daily
  • All waste bag seals should be in-place and intact at the end of
    transportation
60
Q

Specifications for on site transport

A
  1. Easy to load & unload
  2. No sharp edges that can damage waste bags or containers
    during loading/unloading
  3. Easy to clean
61
Q

HCW should be transported through:

A

the quickest or shortest
possible route and should be planned before the trip begins

62
Q
  • An efficient and effective collection system route should consider
    the following:
A
  • Collection schedule either by route or zone
  • Revised routing plan should be established
  • Logical planning of the route
63
Q

HEALTH CARE WASTE
TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES/PROCESSES

A

a. Thermal
b. Chemical
c. Irradiation
d. Biological processes
e. Encapsulation
f. Inertization

64
Q

Thermal decomposition of substance and materials in the absence of supplied molecular oxygen in the destructionchamber in which the said material is converted into gaseous,
liquid, or solid form.

A

Pyrolysis

65
Q

Waste residues of thermal processes may be in form of

A

greasy aggregates or slugs, recoverable metals, carbon black

66
Q

Waste residues of pyrolysis may be in form of

A

secure facility such as sanitary landfill

67
Q

Thermal Processes

A

WET AND DRY THERMAL TREATMENT

68
Q

wet thermal treatment

A

autoclave

69
Q

Uses steam sterilization to render waste harmless
* Exposes shredded infectious waste to high temperature (121°C)
and high pressure (15 psi) for 30 minutes
* Has been used in hospitals for the sterilization of reusable
medical equipment

A

autoclave

70
Q

Dry thermal treatment

A

Microwave

71
Q

Incorporates some type of size reduction device
* Shredding of wastes is done either before or after disinfection
* Waste is exposed to microwaves that raises the temperature to
100°C for at least 30 minutes
* Microorganisms are destroyed by moist heat which irreversibly
coagulates and denatures enzymes and structural proteins

A

microwave

72
Q

Chemicals like _______ are added to waste to kill or inactivate pathogens present in the healthcare waste

A

aldehydes, chlorine compounds, phenolic compound

73
Q

Most suitable in treating blood, urine, and stool

A

chemical disinfection

74
Q

Uses an enzyme mixture to
decontaminate health care waste
and the resulting by-product is put
through an extruder to remove
water for sewage disposal.
* Requires regulation of
temperature, pH, enzyme level,
and other variables.
* Composting and vermiculture as
biological processes for treating
and disposing of placenta waste as
well as food waste, yard trimmings
and other organic waste is also
recommended

A

biological processes

75
Q
  • Wastes containing potentially infectious microorganisms
    (sewage sludge, biomedical wastes, wastewater) are treated
    using irradiation systems which are currently being used in
    waste treatment operations.
  • Sterilization is achieved by breaking down the DNA molecules
    of the contaminated organism.
  • Ionizing radiation is very efficient at DNA disruption and
    requires far less total energy than would be used in an
    equivalent thermal process.
A

radiation technology or irradiaton

76
Q
  • Filling up of container with waste,
    adding an immobilizing material,
    and sealing the container
  • Uses either cubic boxes made of
    high-density polyethylene or
    metallic drums, that are three
    quarters filled with sharps or
    chemical or pharmaceutical
    residues.
  • The boxes are then filled up with a
    medium such as plastic foam,
    bituminous sand, and cement
    mortar
A

encapsulation

77
Q

advantage of encapsulation

A

: Effective in reducing the
risk of scavengers gaining access to
the health care waste

78
Q
  • Mixing of the waste with cement and other substances before
    disposal; Especially suitable for pharmaceutical wastes
  • For the inertization of pharmaceutical waste, the packaging
    should be removed, the pharmaceuticals ground, and a
    mixture of water, lime, and cement added.
A

inertization

79
Q

typical proportion for the inertization mixture

A

65% pharmaceutical waste
15% lime
15% cement
5% water

80
Q

FOUR BASIC WASTE DISPOSAL
TECHNIQUES

A

a. Flushing down the drain to the sewer system
b. Incineration
c. Landfill burial
d. Recycling

81
Q

is a type of
disposal method in which municipal
solid wastes are burned at high
temperatures.

A

incineration or combustion

82
Q

The process eventually converts them
into residues and gaseous products.

A

incineration

83
Q

Used to be the method of choice in
treating health care waste but due to
the implementation of Clean Air Act, this
method is no longer allowed.

A

incineration

84
Q
  • An engineered method designed to keep
    the waste isolated from the environment.
  • Appropriate engineering preparations
    should be completed before the site can
    accept waste.
A

landfill burial or sanitary landfill

85
Q

is collecting
waste and processing it
into something new

A

recycling

86
Q

Many items in the
hospital can be recycled
such as

A

organics, plastics, paper, glass and metal

MT 11 (4 decks)

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