Laboratory Chemicals, Supplies and Equipment Flashcards by dani legaspi

Q

Purpose of Clinical Laboratory

A

To facilitate the correct performance of procedures that yield accurate and precise information, aiding in the patient’s diagnosis and treatment.

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Q

Role of Clinical Laboratory Scientist

A

To correctly use supplies and equipments and have an understanding of the fundamental concepts critical to any procedures.

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Q

2 Components of Quantitative Laboratory Result

A

Actual value
Unit

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Q

The ____ defines the physical quantity or dimension (ex. mass, length, time, or volume).

A

unit

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Q

The ____ was adopted internationally in 1960, and is preferred in scientific literature and clinical laboratories.

A

Systeme International d’Unites (SI)

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Q

Systeme International d’Unites (SI) was adopted internationally in ____.

A

1960

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Q

Systeme International d’Unites (SI) is based on the ____.

A

metric system

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Q

How many base quantities are there in SI units?

A

7

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Q

Base quantities

A

Length (m)
Mass (kg)
Time (s)
Electric current (A)
Thermodynamic temperature (K)
Amount of substance (mol)
Luminous intensity (cd)

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Q

Give the name and symbol of the base quantity

Length

A

Meter (m)

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Q

Give the name and symbol of the base quantity

Mass

A

Kilogram (kg)

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Q

Give the name and symbol of the base quantity

Time

A

Seconds (s)

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Q

Give the name and symbol of the base quantity

Electric current

A

Ampere (A)

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Q

Give the name and symbol of the base quantity

Thermodynamic temperature

A

Kelvin (K)

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Q

Give the name and symbol of the base quantity

Amount of substance

A

Moles (mol)

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Q

Give the name and symbol of the base quantity

Luminous intensity

A

Candela (cd)

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Q

____ exist in varying grades of purity.

A

Analytical Chemicals

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Q

Analytical Chemicals exist in varying ____.

A

grades of purity

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Q

Analytical Chemicals

A

Analytical reagent (AR)
Ultrapure (UP)
Chemically pure (CP)
United States of Pharmacopeia (USP)
National Formulary (NF)
Technical or Commercial grade

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Q

Organic Reagents

A

Practical grade
Chemically pure
Spectroscopic
Chromatographic
Reagent grade

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Q

Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described

Established by the American Chemical Society (ACS)

A

Analytical Reagent (AR)

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Q

Analytical Reagent (AR) grade is established by ____.

A

American Chemical Society (ACS)

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Q

Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described

Labels on reagents state either the:
* actual impurities
* maximum allowable impurities
* % of impurities
* ACS inital
* For laboratory use
* ACS standard grade reference materials

A

Analytical Reagent (AR)

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Q

Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described

Suitable for use in most analytical laboratory procedures

A

Analytical Reagent (AR)

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# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Used for quantitative and qualitative analysis, and for accuracy.

Analytical Reagent (AR)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Used for trace metal analysis

Analytical Reagent (AR)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Used in the preparation of standard solutions

Analytical Reagent (AR)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** These are reagents that have been put through an extra step or additional purification step

Ultrapure (UP)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Used in specific procedures such as: * Chromatography * Atomic Absorption * Immunoassays * Molecular diagnostics * Standardization * Other techniques that require extremely pure chemicals

Ultrapure (UP)

Ultrapure (UP) reagents are used in the following procedures such as ____.

* Chromatography * Atomic Absorption * Immunoassays * Molecular diagnostics * Standardization * Other techniques that require extremely pure chemicals

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Used to manufacture drugs

* United States of Pharmacopeia (USP) * National Formulary (NF)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Limitations established for this group of chemicals are based only on the criterion of not being injurious to individuals.

* United States of Pharmacopeia (USP) * National Formulary (NF)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Approved for human consumption

* United States of Pharmacopeia (USP) * National Formulary (NF)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Pure enough for use in most chemical laboratories, however, purity standards are not based on the needs of the laboratory.

* United States of Pharmacopeia (USP) * National Formulary (NF)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** The impurity limitations are not stated

Chemically Pure (CP)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Preparation of these chemicals are not uniform

Chemically Pure (CP)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Purity is delivered by measurement of the melting point or boiling point

Chemically Pure (CP)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Not recommended for reagent preparation unless further purification step or a reagent blank is included.

Chemically Pure (CP)

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Used in manufacturing

Technical or Commercial Grade

# **Identify which Analytical Chemical is being described** Should never be used in the clinical laboratory

Technical or Commercial Grade

Reference Materials

* Primary Standard * Secondary Stadard

These are highly purified chemicals measured directly to give an exact concentration of purity which can be use for comparison.

Primary Standard

The ____ are used instead of ACS primary standard materials.

National Institute of Standards and Technology-certified Standard Reference Materials/Certified Reference Materials (NIST SRMs)

A substance of lower purity with concentration that is determined by comparison with the primary standard.

Secondary Standard

Categories of Water

* Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water (CLRW) * Special Reagent Water (SRW) * Instrument Feed Water * Water supplied by method manufacturer * Autoclave and wash water * Commercially bottled purified water

# **Determine which type of water purity** Used for test method requiring minimum interference such as trace metal, iron, and enzyme analysis.

Type I

# **Determine which type of water purity** Used for procedures needing maximum water purity

Type I

# **Determine which type of water purity** Consumed immediately after it is produced

Type I

# **Determine which type of water purity** Acceptable for most analytic requirements, including reagent, quality control, and standard precaution.

Type II

# **Determine which type of water purity** For qualitative chemistry procedures and for most procedures done in hematology, immunology, microbiology, etc.

Type II

# **Determine which type of water purity** Glassware washing but not for reagent preparation

Type III

# **Determine which type of water purity** Used in urinalysis

Type III

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Usually a low borosilicate glass with low alkali content

High Thermal Resistant or Borosilicate Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Resistant to high temperature, heat corrosion or thermal shock

High Thermal Resistant or Borosilicate Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Used when heating or sterilization

High Thermal Resistant or Borosilicate Glass

Most common borosilicate glasses

* Beakers * Flasks * Pipettes

Kimax and Pyrex are examples of ____.

High Thermal Resistant or Borosilicate Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Made by removing all the elements from borosilicate glass

High Silica Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Has good optical qualities, temperature capabilities, and radiation resistant.

High Silica Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Used in cuvettes and thermometers

High Silica Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Used for high precision analytical work and for optical reflectors and mirrors.

High Silica Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Not used for the type of glassware generally used in the laboratory

High Silica Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Partially used for strong alkali solution

High Alkali Resistant Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Often referred as "soft glass" for its thermal resistance is much less than of borosilicate glasses.

High Alkali Resistant Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Has materials that usually impart red color to the glass that reduce the amount of light passing through the substance inside the glassware.

Low Actinic Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Used for substances that are particularly sensitive to light such as bilirubin and Vitamin A

Low Actinic Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Used to manufacture weighting bottles because it develops less static surface changes.

Standard Flint Glass or Soda-Lime Glass

# **Identify which kind of glassware** Composed of a mixture of the oxides of silicon, calcium, and sodium

Standard Flint Glass or Soda-Lime Glass

Glassware

* High Thermal Resistant or Borosilicate Glass * High Silica Glass * High Alkali Resistant Glass * Low Actinic Glass * Standard Flint or Soda-Lime Glass

____ is used in light fitters, lamp bulbs, and lightning lenses.

Colored and Opal Glasses

____ have thin metallic oxide, permanently fine-bonded to the surface of the glass.

Coated Glassware

____ are mostly soda-limed, lead, and borosilicate of high optical purity.

Optical Glasses

____ have high thermal resistance, chemical stability and corrosion resistance like borosilicate glasses.

Glass Ceramics (Pyroceram)

____ is useful in preventing transmission of huge energy radiation.

Radiation-Absorbing Glasses

# **Determine which type of plasticware** A unique group of resins with relatively inert properties.

Polyolefins

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Unaffected by acids, alkali, salt solutions, and aqueous solutions

Polyolefins

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Can be autoclaved

Polyolefins

Two Kinds of Polyolefin

* Polypropylene * Polyethylene

# **Identify which kind of Polyolefin** More vulnerable to attack by oxidizing agent

Polypropylene

# **Identify which kind of Polyolefin** Can withstand higher temperature

Polypropylene

# **Identify which kind of Polyolefin** Used primarily to fabricate bottles, jars, beakers, funnel, pipette connectors, and tubing.

Polyethylene

# **Identify which kind of Polyolefin** Has two kinds: Coventional and Linear

Polyoethylene

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Twice as strong as polypropylene and maybe used at temperatures ranging from 100 C - 160 C.

Polycarbonate Resin

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Unsuitable for use with bases such as amines, ammonia, alkaline and oxidizing agents.

Polycarbonate Resin

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Dissolved by chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycarbonate Resin

Polycarbonate resin can be dissolved by ____.

Chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Used extensively in centrifuge tubes and graduated cylinders

Polycarbonate Resin

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Non-toxic, clear plastic of modified plasticized polyvinyl chloride.

Tygon

Tygon is a modified ____.

plasticized polyvinyl chloride

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Used to handle most chemicals but should not be subjected to prolonged immersion in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, and esters.

Tygon

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Flexible at 30 C, brittle at 45 C, and resist dry heat to 95 C

Tygon

Tygon is flexible at ____.

30 C

Tygon is brittle at ____.

45 C

Tygon resists dry heat at ____.

95 C

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Can be steamed, autoclaved, or chemically sterilized.

Tygon

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Use for manufacturing rubber tubing (ex. WBC and RBC pipette)

Tygon

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Pure transluscent white and inert to corrosive reagents, nitric acid, boiling chemicals, etc.

Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Can resist extreme temperatures ranging from -270 C to 255 C.

Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Used in cryogenic experiment or work at temperature over extended periods.

Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin

# **Determine which type of plasticware** Used for self-lubricating stopcocks, stirring bars, and bottle cap lines and tubing because of its anti-adhesive properties.

Teflon-Fluorocarbon Resin

Three Major Types of Thermometer

* Liquid-in-glass * Electronic thermometer or thermistor probe * Digital thermometer

# **Which Type of Thermometer?** Use a colored liquid (red or other colors) or mercury.

Liquid-in-glass

# **Which Type of Thermometer?** Encased in plastic or glass material with a bulb and a graduated stem

Liquid-in-glass

Three types of liquid-in-glass thermometer

* Partial immersion * Total immersion * Surface

# **Which Type of Thermometer?** An accurate, fast-reading electronic thermometer.

Thermistor

# **Which Type of Thermometer?** Advantages are size and millisecond response time

Thermistor

Vessels holding or transferring liquid are designed to either:

* To Contain (TC) * To Deliver (TD)

____ do not deliver the same volume when the liquid is transferred into a container.

To Contain (TC)

____ means that the lab ware will deliver the same amount when the liquid is transferred into a container.

To Deliver (TD)

____ is calibrated to hold one exact volume of liquid.

Volumetric Flask

____ is designed to hold different volumes.

Erlenmeyer Flasks and Griffin Beakers

____ are long, cylindrical tubes usually held upright by an octagonal or circular base.

Graduated Cylinder

____ can be used to measure specified volume of liquid, and to measure high degree of accuracy.

Graduated Cylinder

____ are glass or plastic utensils used to transfer liquids.

Pipettes

Pipettes are usually used for volumes of ____ or less.

20 mL

**Meniscus line:** clear solution

Lower meniscus

**Meniscus line:** colored solution

Upper meniscus

Kinds of Pipette According to Design

* To Contain (TC) * To Deliver (TD)

Kinds of Pipette According to Drainage Characteristics

* Blowout * Self-draining

# **Kinds of Pipette According to Drainage Characteristics** Has a continuous etched ring or two small, close, continuous rings located near the top of the pipette.

Blowout

# **Kinds of Pipette According to Drainage Characteristics** The last drop of liquid should be expelled into the receiving vessel.

Blowout

# **Kinds of Pipette According to Drainage Characteristics** Without markings

Self-draining

# **Kinds of Pipette According to Drainage Characteristics** Allows the contents of the pipette to drain by gravity

Self-draining

Kinds of Pipette According to Type

* Measuring or Graduated * Transfer

Measuring or Graduated Pipettes

* Serologic * Mohr * Bacteriologic * Ball, Kolmer, or Kahn * Micropipette

# **Which Kind of Measuring/Graduated Pipette?** Has graduation marks to the tip and is generally a blowout pipette

Serologic

# **Which Kind of Measuring/Graduated Pipette?** Does not have calibration to the tip, and is usually a self-draining pipette

Mohr

What kind of pipette are serologic and Mohr pipettes according to their design?

To Deliver (TD)

Transfer Pipettes

* Volumetric * Ostwald-Folin * Pasteur * Automatic macropipettes or micropipettes

# **Which Kind of Transfer Pipette?** Has a bulb in the center, and is usually self-draining

Volumetric

# **Which Kind of Transfer Pipette?** Used for greatest degree of accuracy or precision

Volumetric

# **Which Kind of Transfer Pipette?** Used for viscous fluids

Ostwald-Folin

# **Which Kind of Transfer Pipette?** Has a bulb near the tip, and is usually a blowout pipette

Ostwald-Folin

# **Which Kind of Transfer Pipette?** Has no calibration marks

Pasteur Pipettes

# **Which Kind of Transfer Pipette?** Pipette with a total holding volume of less than 1 mL

Micropipette

# **Which Kind of Transfer Pipette?** It may be designed as either a Mohr or Serologic pipette

Micropipette

# **Which Kind of Transfer Pipette?** To contain pipette, which is calibrated with mercury

Micropipette

Types of Automatic Pipette

* Air displacement * Positive displacement * Dispensers/dilutors

# **Which Type of Automatic Pipette?** Relies on a piston for suction creation to draw the sample into a disposable tip that must be changed after each use.

Air Displacement

# **Which Type of Automatic Pipette?** Operates by moving the piston in the pipette tip or barrel much like a hypodermic syringe.

Positive Displacement Pipette

# **Which Type of Automatic Pipette?** Obtain the liquid from a common reservoir and dispense it repeatedly.

Dispensers and dilutor