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Clinical Chemistry 1 > Automation and Terminologies > Flashcards

Automation and Terminologies Flashcards

1
Q

____ is a technique, method, or system of operating or controlling a process by highly automatic means, reducing human intervention to a minimum.

A

Automation

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2
Q

The modern clinical chemistry uses a high degree of ____.

A

Automation

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3
Q

Automation permits the operator to focus on manual processes and increasing both ____.

A

efficiency and capacity

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4
Q

During the ____, laboratory testing was completely manual.

A

1950s

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5
Q

During the 1950s, laboratory testing was ____.

A

completely manual

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6
Q

____ was the first to release auto-analyzer.

A

Leonard Skeggs

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7
Q

____ reagent flow continuously through channels.

A

Continuous flow technology

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8
Q

During the ____, the first commercial centrifugal analyzer was produced.

A

1970s

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9
Q

The ____ was a spinoff technology from NASA.

A

Centrifugal analyzer

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10
Q

____ invented the Automatic Clinical Analyzer in 1970.

A

DuPont

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11
Q

DuPont invented the ____.

A

Automatic Clinical Analyzer

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12
Q

Automatic Clinical Analyzer is now called ____.

A

Siemens

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13
Q

Phases of Laboratory Testing

A
  • Pre-analytical
  • Analytical
  • Post-analytical
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14
Q

Phases of Laboratory Testing

Focuses on sample collection and processing

A

Pre-analytical

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15
Q

____ is when the specimen is obtained outside the facility.

A

Courier Service

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16
Q

____ is the earliest automated transport system introduced and still used today.

A

Pneumatic Tube System

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17
Q

____ occurs when a test is not available inside the lab.

A

Sent Out Tests

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18
Q

Phases of Laboratory Testing

Chemical analysis

A

Analytical

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19
Q

Phases of Laboratory Testing

Processing of tests

A

Analytical

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20
Q

Phases of Laboratory Testing

Data management

A

Post-analytical

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21
Q

Phases of Laboratory Testing

Releasing of results

A

Post-analytical

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22
Q

Phases of Laboratory Testing

Storing of specimen after processing

A

Post-analytical

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23
Q

Definition of Terms

Number of tests that can be performed on the instrument

A

Test repertoire

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24
Q

Definition of Terms

Only performs requested tests

A

Selective

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25
Q

Definition of Terms

Maintain time required to obtain results after the initial sampling of the specimen.

A

Dwell time

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26
Q

Definition of Terms

Maximum number of samples or tests that can be processed in an hour.

A

Throughput

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27
Q

Definition of Terms

Labor maintenance, reagents, calibration, quality control, consumables and capital.

A

Cost

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28
Q

Definition of Terms

A list of the analytes or tests that a laboratory would be able to provide for patient testing.

A

Test

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29
Q

Definition of Terms

The number of test results that are generated by the laboratory during a given time.

A

Workload

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30
Q

Definition of Terms

The ability of an operator to program the instrument to perform other tasks while the instrument processes the tests.

A

Walk-away capability

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31
Q

Definition of Terms

A means of providing positive sample identification

A

Bar code

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32
Q

Definition of Terms

The lowest value that can reliably be detected by a method without providing a false-positive result.

A

Selectivity

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33
Q

Definition of Terms

The ability to measure only the analyte requested.

A

Specificity

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34
Q

Definition of Terms

Reagent stability before use

A

Shelf life

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35
Q

Definition of Terms

Occurs when previous samples have a higher or lower results.

A

Carry over

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36
Q

Definition of Terms

This occurs in system that reuse cuvettes that are insufficiently washed after each testing cycle.

A

Carry over

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37
Q

Definition of Terms

The time the analyzer is not in use

A

Maintenance time (Downtime)

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38
Q

Definition of Terms

A system other than manufacturer’s reagents that can be utilized for measurement.

A

Open Reagent System

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39
Q

Definition of Terms

A system where the operator can only use the manufacturer’s reagent.

A

Closed Reagent System

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40
Q

Definition of Terms

All samples are loaded at the same time, and a single test is conducted on each sample.

A

Batch Testing

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41
Q

Definition of Terms

More than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical specimen.

A

Parallel Testing

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42
Q

Definition of Terms

Any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence.

A

Random Access Testing

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43
Q

Definition of Terms

Multiple tests analyzed one after another on a given specimen.

A

Sequential Testing

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44
Q

Phases of Chemistry Analyzer Operation

A
  • Identification and Preparation
  • Chemical reaction
  • Data Collection and Analysis
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45
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Collection and preparation of the sample

A

Identification and Preparation

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46
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Tests to be performed

A

Identification and Preparation

47
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Sample identification

A

Identification and Preparation

48
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Sample and reagent measurements

A

Chemical reaction

49
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Sample and reagent mixing

A

Chemical reaction

50
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Specimen delivery

A

Chemical reaction

51
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Incubation

A

Chemical reaction

52
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Monitoring or sensing the reaction result

A

Data Collection and Analysis

53
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Quantitating the reaction result

A

Data Collection and Analysis

54
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Visualizing the results

A

Data Collection and Analysis

55
Q

Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation

Send results in LIS

A

Data Collection and Analysis

56
Q

Types of Automatic Analyzer

A
  • Continuous Flow
  • Discrete Sampling
  • Centrifugal
  • Thin Film
    Discretionary type
    Non-discretionary type
57
Q

____ was developed by Leonard Skeggs in 1957.

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

58
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer was developed by ____.

A

Leonard Skeggs

59
Q

When was Continuous Flow Analyzer developed?

A

1957

60
Q

____ has won wide acceptance in both routine and research laboratories.

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

61
Q

Examples of Continuous Flow Analyzer

A
  • Technicon Autoanalyzer II
  • SMA 6/60
  • SMA 12/60
  • SMAC
62
Q

____ is capable of running 3 different tests at 60-80 samples per hour.

A

Technicon Autoanalyzer II

63
Q

Technicon Autoanalyzer II is capable of running ____ different tests at ____ samples per hour.

A

3; 60-80

64
Q

____ is capable of running 6 tests at 60 samples per hour.

A

SMA 6/60

65
Q

____ is capable of running 12 tests at 60 samples per hour.

A

SMA 12/60

66
Q

____ is capable of running 40 tests at 120 samples per hour.

A

SMAC

67
Q

SMAC is capable of running ____ tests at ____ samples per hour.

A

40; 120

68
Q

SMA stands for ____.

A

Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer

69
Q

SMAC stands for ____.

A

Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer + Computer

70
Q

Principle

All samples are carried through the same analysis pathway. All samples automatically pass from one-step to another. The reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

71
Q

Principle

All samples automatically pass from one-step to another.

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

72
Q

Principle

The reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

73
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Liquids are pumped through a system of ____.

A

continuous tubing

74
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Samples flow through a ____.

A

common reaction vessel/pathway

75
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

There is a presence of ____ at regular intervals.

A

air bubbles

76
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

____ serve as separating and cleaning media.

A

Air bubbles

77
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

A ____ maintains the required temperature of the reaction to allow complete color development.

A

heating bath

78
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

____ is controlled by temperature.

A

Reaction rate

79
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Reaction rate is controlled by ____.

A

temperature

80
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Mixing samples and reagents by using a ____ inserted into the flow path.

A

glass coil

81
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Disadvantage

A

All tests are performed in parallel

82
Q

The disadvantage of ____ is that all tests are performed in parallel.

A

Continuous Flow Analyzer

83
Q

Features of Continuous Flow Analyzer

A
  • Plastic tubings
  • Air bubbles
  • Removal of proteins
  • Flow-through of cuvette
  • Record read-out
84
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Plastic tubings come with a ____ for the continuous pumping of reagents or samples.

A

peristaltic pump

85
Q

Continuous Flow Analyzer

____ separate samples and reagent; continuous scrubbing; prevention of carry-over.

A

Air bubbles

86
Q

Parts of Continuous Flow Analyzer

A
  • Sampler
  • Pumps and Manifolds
  • Dialyzer
  • Heating bath
  • Detector-Recorder
87
Q

Principle

Each sample reaction is handled in separate compartment and does not come into contact with another sample.

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

88
Q

Principle

The samples and standards are handled on a batch basis and must be brought before proceeding to the next procedure.

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

89
Q

Principle

All reactions must be carried out until equilibrium is reached.

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

90
Q

____ is the most popular and versatile analyzer.

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

91
Q

____ measures only the test requested on a sample.

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

92
Q

____ is capable of measuring 2-6 uL of the sample.

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

93
Q

Discrete Sampling Analyzer is capable of measuring ____ of the sample.

A

2-6 uL

94
Q

____ is capable of running multiple-tests-one-sample-at-a-time (sequential testing).

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

95
Q

In ____, each sample-reagent mixture handled separately in its own reaction vessel.

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

96
Q

For ____, the spreading layer permits a rapid uniform spreading layer over the reagent.

A

dry slide technology

97
Q

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

Mixing: magnetic driven teflon stirring bar

A

Beckman

98
Q

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

Mixing: forceful dispensing, magnetic stirring bars

A

Astra

99
Q

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

Mixing: rotating paddle and ultrasonic energy

A

Paramax

100
Q

Examples of Discrete Sampling Analyzer

A
  • Vitros
  • Beckman
  • ASTRA
  • Roche Cobas Integra 800
101
Q

Major advantage of Discrete Sampling Analyzer

A

Random Access Capability, allows STAT samples to be easily tested

102
Q

The major advantages of ____ are random access capability, and allows STAT samples to be easily tested.

A

Discrete Sampling Analyzer

103
Q

____ uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents.

A

Centrifugal Analyzer

104
Q

In ____, liquids are placed in separate cuvette for measurement.

A

Centrifugal Analyzer

105
Q

Centrifugal Analyzer

Liquids are placed in separate cuvette for measurement at the perimeter of spinning rotor ____ rpm.

A

1000

106
Q

____ uses acceleration and deceleration of the rotor to transfer the reagents and sample from one chamber to another.

A

Centrifugal Analyzer

107
Q

Principle

As the rotor accelerated, centrifugal force moves the reagents and sample to a mixing chamber and then through a small channel into the cuvette.

A

Centrifugal Analyzer

108
Q

Principle

As the filled cuvette rotates past a fixed light beam, the absorbance of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically.

A

Centrifugal Analyzer

109
Q

Examples of Centrifugal Analyzer

A
  • Centifichem
  • RotoChem
110
Q

In ____, samples are loaded at the same time and only one sample is being tested.

A

Centrifugal Analyzer

111
Q

Principle

Composed of 60 mm2 chip that contains several very thin layers accepts a meter drop of serum, spreads it evenly into a reagent layer, and then confines the colored product to the fixed area for reflectance spectrophotometry.

A

Thin Film Analyzer (Dry Slide Technology)

112
Q

Layers of Thin Film Analyzer

A
  • Spreading layer (top)
  • Reagent layer
  • Indicator layer
  • Support layer (bottom)
113
Q

Examples of Thin Film Analyzer

A
  • Kodak EktaChem
  • Vitros
  • Beckman ASTRA
  • Roche Cobas Integra 80 Thin Layer Film Analyzer

Clinical Chemistry 1 (6 decks)

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