Automation and Terminologies Flashcards
____ is a technique, method, or system of operating or controlling a process by highly automatic means, reducing human intervention to a minimum.
Automation
The modern clinical chemistry uses a high degree of ____.
Automation
Automation permits the operator to focus on manual processes and increasing both ____.
efficiency and capacity
During the ____, laboratory testing was completely manual.
1950s
During the 1950s, laboratory testing was ____.
completely manual
____ was the first to release auto-analyzer.
Leonard Skeggs
____ reagent flow continuously through channels.
Continuous flow technology
During the ____, the first commercial centrifugal analyzer was produced.
1970s
The ____ was a spinoff technology from NASA.
Centrifugal analyzer
____ invented the Automatic Clinical Analyzer in 1970.
DuPont
DuPont invented the ____.
Automatic Clinical Analyzer
Automatic Clinical Analyzer is now called ____.
Siemens
Phases of Laboratory Testing
- Pre-analytical
- Analytical
- Post-analytical
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Focuses on sample collection and processing
Pre-analytical
____ is when the specimen is obtained outside the facility.
Courier Service
____ is the earliest automated transport system introduced and still used today.
Pneumatic Tube System
____ occurs when a test is not available inside the lab.
Sent Out Tests
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Chemical analysis
Analytical
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Processing of tests
Analytical
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Data management
Post-analytical
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Releasing of results
Post-analytical
Phases of Laboratory Testing
Storing of specimen after processing
Post-analytical
Definition of Terms
Number of tests that can be performed on the instrument
Test repertoire
Definition of Terms
Only performs requested tests
Selective
Definition of Terms
Maintain time required to obtain results after the initial sampling of the specimen.
Dwell time
Definition of Terms
Maximum number of samples or tests that can be processed in an hour.
Throughput
Definition of Terms
Labor maintenance, reagents, calibration, quality control, consumables and capital.
Cost
Definition of Terms
A list of the analytes or tests that a laboratory would be able to provide for patient testing.
Test
Definition of Terms
The number of test results that are generated by the laboratory during a given time.
Workload
Definition of Terms
The ability of an operator to program the instrument to perform other tasks while the instrument processes the tests.
Walk-away capability
Definition of Terms
A means of providing positive sample identification
Bar code
Definition of Terms
The lowest value that can reliably be detected by a method without providing a false-positive result.
Selectivity
Definition of Terms
The ability to measure only the analyte requested.
Specificity
Definition of Terms
Reagent stability before use
Shelf life
Definition of Terms
Occurs when previous samples have a higher or lower results.
Carry over
Definition of Terms
This occurs in system that reuse cuvettes that are insufficiently washed after each testing cycle.
Carry over
Definition of Terms
The time the analyzer is not in use
Maintenance time (Downtime)
Definition of Terms
A system other than manufacturer’s reagents that can be utilized for measurement.
Open Reagent System
Definition of Terms
A system where the operator can only use the manufacturer’s reagent.
Closed Reagent System
Definition of Terms
All samples are loaded at the same time, and a single test is conducted on each sample.
Batch Testing
Definition of Terms
More than one test is analyzed concurrently on a given clinical specimen.
Parallel Testing
Definition of Terms
Any test can be performed on any sample in any sequence.
Random Access Testing
Definition of Terms
Multiple tests analyzed one after another on a given specimen.
Sequential Testing
Phases of Chemistry Analyzer Operation
- Identification and Preparation
- Chemical reaction
- Data Collection and Analysis
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Collection and preparation of the sample
Identification and Preparation
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Tests to be performed
Identification and Preparation
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Sample identification
Identification and Preparation
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Sample and reagent measurements
Chemical reaction
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Sample and reagent mixing
Chemical reaction
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Specimen delivery
Chemical reaction
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Incubation
Chemical reaction
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Monitoring or sensing the reaction result
Data Collection and Analysis
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Quantitating the reaction result
Data Collection and Analysis
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Visualizing the results
Data Collection and Analysis
Phases of Chemical Analyzer Operation
Send results in LIS
Data Collection and Analysis
Types of Automatic Analyzer
- Continuous Flow
- Discrete Sampling
- Centrifugal
- Thin Film
Discretionary type
Non-discretionary type
____ was developed by Leonard Skeggs in 1957.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Continuous Flow Analyzer was developed by ____.
Leonard Skeggs
When was Continuous Flow Analyzer developed?
1957
____ has won wide acceptance in both routine and research laboratories.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Examples of Continuous Flow Analyzer
- Technicon Autoanalyzer II
- SMA 6/60
- SMA 12/60
- SMAC
____ is capable of running 3 different tests at 60-80 samples per hour.
Technicon Autoanalyzer II
Technicon Autoanalyzer II is capable of running ____ different tests at ____ samples per hour.
3; 60-80
____ is capable of running 6 tests at 60 samples per hour.
SMA 6/60
____ is capable of running 12 tests at 60 samples per hour.
SMA 12/60
____ is capable of running 40 tests at 120 samples per hour.
SMAC
SMAC is capable of running ____ tests at ____ samples per hour.
40; 120
SMA stands for ____.
Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer
SMAC stands for ____.
Simultaneous Multiple Analyzer + Computer
Principle
All samples are carried through the same analysis pathway. All samples automatically pass from one-step to another. The reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Principle
All samples automatically pass from one-step to another.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Principle
The reactions are not necessarily carried to equilibrium since samples and standards are treated exactly alike.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Liquids are pumped through a system of ____.
continuous tubing
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Samples flow through a ____.
common reaction vessel/pathway
Continuous Flow Analyzer
There is a presence of ____ at regular intervals.
air bubbles
Continuous Flow Analyzer
____ serve as separating and cleaning media.
Air bubbles
Continuous Flow Analyzer
A ____ maintains the required temperature of the reaction to allow complete color development.
heating bath
Continuous Flow Analyzer
____ is controlled by temperature.
Reaction rate
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Reaction rate is controlled by ____.
temperature
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Mixing samples and reagents by using a ____ inserted into the flow path.
glass coil
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Disadvantage
All tests are performed in parallel
The disadvantage of ____ is that all tests are performed in parallel.
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Features of Continuous Flow Analyzer
- Plastic tubings
- Air bubbles
- Removal of proteins
- Flow-through of cuvette
- Record read-out
Continuous Flow Analyzer
Plastic tubings come with a ____ for the continuous pumping of reagents or samples.
peristaltic pump
Continuous Flow Analyzer
____ separate samples and reagent; continuous scrubbing; prevention of carry-over.
Air bubbles
Parts of Continuous Flow Analyzer
- Sampler
- Pumps and Manifolds
- Dialyzer
- Heating bath
- Detector-Recorder
Principle
Each sample reaction is handled in separate compartment and does not come into contact with another sample.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Principle
The samples and standards are handled on a batch basis and must be brought before proceeding to the next procedure.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Principle
All reactions must be carried out until equilibrium is reached.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
____ is the most popular and versatile analyzer.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
____ measures only the test requested on a sample.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
____ is capable of measuring 2-6 uL of the sample.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Discrete Sampling Analyzer is capable of measuring ____ of the sample.
2-6 uL
____ is capable of running multiple-tests-one-sample-at-a-time (sequential testing).
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
In ____, each sample-reagent mixture handled separately in its own reaction vessel.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
For ____, the spreading layer permits a rapid uniform spreading layer over the reagent.
dry slide technology
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Mixing: magnetic driven teflon stirring bar
Beckman
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Mixing: forceful dispensing, magnetic stirring bars
Astra
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Mixing: rotating paddle and ultrasonic energy
Paramax
Examples of Discrete Sampling Analyzer
- Vitros
- Beckman
- ASTRA
- Roche Cobas Integra 800
Major advantage of Discrete Sampling Analyzer
Random Access Capability, allows STAT samples to be easily tested
The major advantages of ____ are random access capability, and allows STAT samples to be easily tested.
Discrete Sampling Analyzer
____ uses the force generated by centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents.
Centrifugal Analyzer
In ____, liquids are placed in separate cuvette for measurement.
Centrifugal Analyzer
Centrifugal Analyzer
Liquids are placed in separate cuvette for measurement at the perimeter of spinning rotor ____ rpm.
1000
____ uses acceleration and deceleration of the rotor to transfer the reagents and sample from one chamber to another.
Centrifugal Analyzer
Principle
As the rotor accelerated, centrifugal force moves the reagents and sample to a mixing chamber and then through a small channel into the cuvette.
Centrifugal Analyzer
Principle
As the filled cuvette rotates past a fixed light beam, the absorbance of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically.
Centrifugal Analyzer
Examples of Centrifugal Analyzer
- Centifichem
- RotoChem
In ____, samples are loaded at the same time and only one sample is being tested.
Centrifugal Analyzer
Principle
Composed of 60 mm2 chip that contains several very thin layers accepts a meter drop of serum, spreads it evenly into a reagent layer, and then confines the colored product to the fixed area for reflectance spectrophotometry.
Thin Film Analyzer (Dry Slide Technology)
Layers of Thin Film Analyzer
- Spreading layer (top)
- Reagent layer
- Indicator layer
- Support layer (bottom)
Examples of Thin Film Analyzer
- Kodak EktaChem
- Vitros
- Beckman ASTRA
- Roche Cobas Integra 80 Thin Layer Film Analyzer