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Clinical Chemistry 1 > Analytical Techniques 2 > Flashcards

Analytical Techniques 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

____ involves the separation of soluble components in a solution by specific differences.

A

Chromatography

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2
Q

____ refers to the group of techniques used to separate complex mixtures.

A

Chromatography

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3
Q

Chromatography refers to the group of techniques used to separate complex mixtures on the basis of different physical interaction between ____.

A

Individual compounds and stationary phase of the system

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4
Q

2 Forms of Chromatography

A
  • Planar
  • Column
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5
Q

Techniques under Planar Chromatography

A
  • Paper
  • Thin Layer
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6
Q

Techniques under Column Chromatography

A
  • Gas
  • Liquid
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7
Q

____ determines the fraction of sugar and amino acid.

A

Paper Chromatography

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8
Q

Paper chromatography measures the fraction of ____.

A

sugar and amino acid

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9
Q

In paper chromatography, the sorbent ____ is used.

A

Whatman paper

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10
Q

____ is used for drug testing.

A

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

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11
Q

TLC is used for ____.

A

drug testing

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12
Q

____ is a semi-quantitative screening test.

A

Drug test

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13
Q

In ____, each drug has a characteristic Rf value and it must match the Rf value with the standard.

A

Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

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14
Q

Rf value stands for ____.

A

Retention Factor

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15
Q

____ is a relative distance of migration from the point of the application.

A

Retention factor (Rf)

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16
Q

In TLC, the extraction of the drug is ____.

A

pH dependent

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17
Q

Sorbet for TLC

A

Thin plastic plates impregnated with a layer of silica gel or alumina

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18
Q

Kinds of Gas Chromatography

A
  • Gas solid
  • Gas liquid
  • Mass Spectrometry
    GC-MS
    MS/MS
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19
Q

Kinds of Liquid Chromatography

A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

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20
Q

____ has a gaseous mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase.

A

Gas Liquid Chromatography

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21
Q

____ is used for the separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood, alcohol, and lipids.

A

Gas Chromatography

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22
Q

Gas chromatography is used for the separation of ___.

A
  • Steroids
  • Barbiturates
  • Blood
  • Alcohol
  • Lipids
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23
Q

____ is useful for compounds that are naturally volatile or can be easily converted into a volatile form.

A

Gas Chromatography

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24
Q

What is the indicator (detector) used in Gas chromatography?

A

Flame ionization

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25
Q

In gas chromatography, flame ionization is used as ____.

A

indicator (detector)

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26
Q

Gas Chromatography

The elution order of volatile is based on their ____.

A

boiling point

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27
Q

Gas Chromatography

Mobile Phase

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Helium
  • Hydrogen
  • Argon
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28
Q

Gas Chromatography

Volatile substances mixed in the sample

A
  • Heptane
  • Acetone
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29
Q

Components of Gas Chromatography

A
  • Carrier gas
  • Flow controller
  • Sample injector
  • Column
  • Thermostatic oven
  • Detector
  • Waste
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30
Q

____ is based on the fragmentation and ionization of molecules using suitable source of energy.

A

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

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31
Q

Mass Spectrometry (MS) is based on the ____ of molecules using suitable source of energy.

A

fragmentation and ionization

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32
Q

Mass Spectrometry

The substance should be first separated by ____.

A

Gas Chromatography

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33
Q

In ____, the substance must be separated first by gas chromatography.

A

Mass Spectrometry

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34
Q

____ can also detect structural information and determination of molecular weight.

A

Mass Spectrometry

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35
Q

Mass spectrometry can also detect ____ and determination of ____.

A

structural information; molecular weight

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36
Q

____ is the gold standard for drug testing.

A

GC-MS

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37
Q

____ uses an electron beam to split the drug.

A

GC-MS

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38
Q

____ is used for xenobiotics, anabolic steroids, and pesticides.

A

GC-MS

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39
Q

____ can detect 20 in-born errors of metabolism from a single blood spot.

A

Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (MS/MS)

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40
Q

____ is based on the distribution of solutes between a liquid mobile phase and a stationary phase.

A

Liquid Chromatography

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41
Q

____ is the most widely used liquid chromatography.

A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

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42
Q

____ uses pressure for fast separations, controlled temperature, in-line detectors and gradient elution technique.

A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

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43
Q

____ is used for fraction of drugs, hormones, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins.

A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

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44
Q

____ is used for the separation and quantitation of various hemoglobins associated with specific diseases; rapid HbA1c.

A

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

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45
Q

5 Separation Mechanisms used in Liquid Chromatography

A
  • Gel permeation/filtration
  • Ion exchange
  • Partition
  • Affinity
  • Adsorption
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46
Q

____ separates molecules based on differences in their size and shape.

A

Gel Permeation/Gel Filtration

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47
Q

Gel Permeation/Filtration separates molecules based on differences in their ____.

A

size and shape

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48
Q

____ is used for the separation of enzymes, antibodies, and proteins.

A

Hydrophilic Gel (Gel Filtration)

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49
Q

____ is also known as Gel Filtration.

A

Hydrophilic Gel

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50
Q

Hydrophilic gel makes use of ____.

A
  • Dextran
  • Agarose
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51
Q

____ is used for the separation of triglycerides (TAG) and fatty acids (FA).

A

Hydrophobic Gel (Gel Permeation)

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52
Q

____ is also known as Gel Permeation.

A

Hydrophobic Gel

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53
Q

Hydrophobic gel makes use of ____.

A

Sephadex

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54
Q

____ is the exchange of sample ions and mobile ions with charged group of the stationary phase.

A

Ion Exchange Chromatography

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55
Q

____ resembles gas chromatography.

A

Ion Exchange Chromatography

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56
Q

____ is used for the separation of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

A

Ion Exchange Chromatography

57
Q

In ____, the separation of nucleic acids and proteins depends primarily on the size, shape, and ionic charge density.

A

Ion Exchange Chromatography

58
Q

In ion exchange chromatography, separation of nucleic acids and proteins depends primarily on the ____.

A

size, shape, and ionic charge density

59
Q

Liquid to liquid chromatography

A

Partition Chromatography

60
Q

In ____, separation compounds are based on their partition between liquid mobile phase and a liquid stationary phase coated on a solid support.

A

Partition Chromatography

61
Q

____ is used for the separation of therapeutic drugs and metabolites.

A

Partition Chromatography

62
Q

____ uses immobilized biochemical ligands as the stationary phase.

A

Affinity Chromatography

63
Q

Affinity chromatography uses ____ as the stationary phase.

A

immobilized biochemical ligands

64
Q

____ uses the so-called lock and key binding for separation of substances.

A

Affinity Chromatography

65
Q

____ is used for the separation of LPP, CHO, and glycated Hgb.

A

Affinity Chromatography

66
Q

____ is used to separate and prepare larger quantities of proteins and antibodies for study.

A

Affinity Chromatography

67
Q

Liquid to solid chromatography

A

Adsorption Chromatography

68
Q

In ____, separation is based on the differences between adsorption and desorption of solute at the surface of solid particles.

A

Adsorption Chromatography

69
Q

In adsorption chromatography, the compounds are adsorbed to a solid support such as ____.

A

silica or alumina

70
Q

Fluorometry is also known as ____.

A

Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

71
Q

____ measures the amount of light intensity present over a zero background.

A

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

72
Q

____ is almost similar to colorimetry.

A

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

73
Q

Principle: It determines the amount of light emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation.

A

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

74
Q

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

Light source

A
  • Mercury arc
  • Xenon lamp
  • Wavelength (365-366 nm)
75
Q

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

Light detectors

A

Photomultiplier tube or phototube

76
Q

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry uses how many monochromators?

A

2

77
Q

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

The ____ selects wavelength that is best absorbed by the solution to be measured.

A

Primary filter

78
Q

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

____ prevents incident light from striking the photodetector.

A

Secondary filter

79
Q

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry is ____ more sensitive than spectrophotometer.

A

1000x

80
Q

____ is affected by quenching, pH and temperature changes, chemical contaminants and UV light changes.

A

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

81
Q

Uses: measurement of porphyrins, magnesium, calcium and cathecolamine.

A

Fluorometry or Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

82
Q

How is chemiluminescence different from fluoroscence and phosphofluorescence?

A

The emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction rather than from absorption of electrochemical energy.

83
Q

In ____, the emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction rather than from absorption of electrochemical energy.

A

Chemiluminescence

84
Q

In ____, no excitation radiation is needed and no monochromators are needed.

A

Chemiluminescence

85
Q

____ is more sensitive than fluoroscence.

A

Chemiluminescence

86
Q

In ____, the chemical reaction yields an electronically excited compound that emits light as it returns to its ground state, or that transfers its energy to another compound, which then produces emission.

A

Chemiluminescence

87
Q

____ involves the oxidation of an organic compound by an oxidant.

A

Chemiluminescence

88
Q

Chemiluminescence

Examples of organic compound

A
  • Dioxetane
  • Luminol
  • Acridinium ester
89
Q

Chemiluminescence

Examples of oxidants

A
  • Hypochlorite
  • Hydrogen peroxide
  • Oxygen
90
Q

Chemiluminescence is used for ____.

A

immunoassays

91
Q

____ is used for immunoassays.

A

Chemiluminescence

92
Q

Photodector for Chemiluminescence

A

Photomultiplier Tube (PMT (luminator)

93
Q

____ is the measurement of the osmolality of an aqueous solution such as serum, plasma, and urine.

A

Osmometry

94
Q

____ is based on measuring changes in the colligative properties of solutions.

A

Osmometry

95
Q

Osmotic Particles

A
  • Glucose
  • Urea
  • Nitrogen
  • Sodium
96
Q

____ is the most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties.

A

Freezing Point Depression Osmometry

97
Q

____ is the measurement of current or voltage generated by the activity of specific ions.

A

Electrochemistry Techniques

98
Q

____ is used for the measurement of blood gas, blood pH, electrolytes, glucose, urea, ionized Calcium, lead and Chloride.

A

Electrochemistry Techniques

99
Q

Electrochemistry Techniques

A
  • Potentiometry
  • Coulometry
  • Amperometry
  • Voltammetry
100
Q

Potentiometry

A

Ion Selective Electrode

101
Q

Amperometry

A

Polarography

102
Q

____ measures the electrical potential due to the activity of free ions.

A

Potentiometry

103
Q

____ is the measurement of differences in voltage at a constant current.

A

Potentiometry

104
Q

____ follows the Nernst Equation.

A

Potentiometry

105
Q

Potentiometry follows the ____ equation.

A

Nernst

106
Q

Potentiometry

Reference Electrodes

A
  • Saturated calomel
  • Silver-silver chloride
107
Q

Uses of Potentiometry

A

pH and pCO2

108
Q

____ measures the activity of one ion much more than the other ions present in the sample.

A

Ion Selective Electrode

109
Q

Ion selectivity depends on the ____.

A

membrane or barrier composition

110
Q

Ion Selective Electrode

Interferences

A

Excess protein

111
Q

2 Types of Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

A
  • Direct
  • Indirect
112
Q

2 Types of Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

without sample dilution

A

Direct ISE

113
Q

2 Types of Ion Selective Electrode (ISE)

with sample dilution

A

Indirect ISE

114
Q

Ion Selective Electrode

Glass aluminum silicate is used for ____.

A

Na

115
Q

Ion Selective Electrode

Valinomycin gel is used for ____.

A

K

116
Q

Ion Selective Electrode

Organic liquid membrane ion exchanger is used for ____.

A

Ca and Li

117
Q

pH Electrodes

A
  • Indicator
  • Reference
118
Q

pH Electrode

Silver wire coated with AgCl, immersed into an internal solution of 0.1 mmol/HCl, and placed into a tube containing a special glass membrane tip.

A

Indicator electrode

119
Q

pH Electrode

Calomel is in direct contact with metallic mercury in an electrolyte solution of potassium chloride.

A

Reference electrode

120
Q

Other parts of pH electrode

A
  • Liquid junction
  • Read-out meter
121
Q

3 Major ISE Types

A
  • Inert metal
  • Metal
  • Membrane
122
Q

3 Types of ISE

____ is in contact with a redox couple.

A

Inert Metal Electrode

123
Q

3 Types of ISE

____ participate in a redox reaction.

A

Metal Electrodes

124
Q

____ is used for the measurement of the electricity at a fixed potential.

A

Coloumetry

125
Q

____ is an electrochemical titration in which the titrant is electrochemically generated.

A

Coulometry

126
Q

In ____, the endpoint is detected by amperometry.

A

Coulometry

127
Q

____ follows the Faraday’s Law.

A

Coulometry

128
Q

Coulometry follows the ____ law.

A

Faraday’s

129
Q

Use of Coulometry

A

Chloride test

130
Q

Interferences in Coulometry

A
  • Bromide
  • Cyanide
  • Cysteine
131
Q

____ is the measurement of the current flow produced by oxidation reaction.

A

Amperometry

132
Q

____ is the measurement of differences in current at a constant voltage.

A

Polarography

133
Q

____ follows Ilkovic equation.

A

Polarography

134
Q

Polarography follows the ____ equation.

A

Ilkovic

135
Q

____ is the measurement of the current after which a potential is applied to an electrochemical cell.

A

Voltammetry

136
Q

____ allows sample to be preconcentrated thus utilizing minimal analyte.

A

Voltammetry

137
Q

____ is used for lead and iron testing.

A

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

138
Q

Anodic stripping voltammetry is used for ____.

A

lead and iron testing

Clinical Chemistry 1 (5 decks)

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