Introduction to Clinical Chemistry Flashcards
Other names for Clinical Chemistry
- Chemical Pathology
- Medical Biochemistry
- Clinical Biochemistry
- Pure Chemistry
____ is a branch of medical science that study the biochemical processes associated with health and disease.
Clinical Chemistry
____ deals with the measurement of constituents in body fluids to facilitate diagnosis of disease and to monitor the effect of treatment.
Clinical Chemistry
____ is a quantitative science that is concerned with the measurement of amounts of analytes in body fluids.
Clinical Chemistry
Scope of Clinical Chemistry
- Biochemistry
- Instrumentation
- Toxicology
- Endocrinology
- Analytical Chemistry
- Pharmacology
- Immunology
- Computers
Common analytes in the Chemistry Laboratory
1. Iron, Salts, and Minerals
2. Small Organic Molecules
* Metabolites
* Therapeutic drugs
* Toxicology
* Drugs of Abuse
3. Large Molecules
* Transport proteins
* Enzymes
* Specific proteins
* Diabetes marker
History of Clinical Chemistry
Before 400 B.C
Physicians from Egypt and Mesopotamia made diagnoses by performing auscultation and palpation.
Before 400 B.C, physicians from Egypt and Mesopotamia made diagnoses by performing ____.
auscultation and palpation
History of Clinical Chemistry
300 B.C
Hippocrates performed urine examination (tasting urine) to diagnose disease
Hippocrates performed ____ (tasting urine) to diagnose disease
urine examination
____ is the Father of Medicine.
Hippocrates
History of Clinical Chemistry
A.D 50
Rufus of Ephesus described hematuria
____ described hematuria.
Rufus of Ephesus
History of Clinical Chemistry
1800
- Friedrich Wohler disproved the Vital Force Theory by Berzelius
- He was able to synthesize urea by heating ammonium cyanate
____ was able to synthesize urea by heating ammonium cyanate.
Friedrich Wohler
The ____ states that organic compounds must have their origin in living organisms and could never be synthesized from organic material.
Vital Force Theory
Vital Force Theory was proposed by ____.
Berzelius
- Date: 1918-1920
- Discoverer:
-
Discoveries:
Clinical methods for phosphorus and magnesium
Urine analyte determination
Relationship of NPN to renal function
Folin-Ciocalteu reagent
Otto Folin
- Date: 1918-1920
- Discoverer: Otto Folin
- Discoveries:
- Clinical methods for phosphorus and magnesium
- Urine analyte determination
- Relationship of NPN to renal function
- Folin-Cocalteau reagent
- Date: 1930
- Discoverer:
-
Discoveries:
Clinical methods for various enzymes
Refractometer
pH meter
Beckman Company
- Date: 1930
- Discoverer: Beckman Company
- Discoveries:
- Clinical methods for various enzymes
- Refractometer
- pH meter
- Date: 1940
- Discoveries:
- Photoelectric colorimeter
- Vacuum collection tubes
- Establishment of College of American Pathologists (CAP) and American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC)
- Date: 1950
- Discoverer:
-
Discoveries:
Shewhart QC chart
Methods for enzymes that are organ-specific
Methods for blood triglycerides
Levy and Jennings
- Date: 1950
- Discoverer: Levy and Jennings
- Discoveries:
- Shewhart QC chart
- Methods for enzymes that are organ-specific
- Methods for blood triglycerides
- Date: 1950
- Discoverer:
- Discoveries: Auto-analyzer with flame photometry (FP) principle
Technicon Corporation
- Date: 1950
- Discoverer: Technicon Corporation
- Discoveries:
Auto-analyzer with flame photometry (FP) principle
- Date: 1960
- Discoverer:
- Discoveries: Introduced Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS)
Perkin Elmer
- Date: 1960
- Discoverer: Perkin Elmer
- Discoveries:
Introduced Atomic Absoprtion Spectrometer (AAS)
- Date: 1960
- Discoverer:
- Discoveries: Introduced disposable needle and syringe
Becton Dickinson
- Date: 1960
- Discoverer: Becton Dickinson
- Discoveries:
Introduced disposable needle and syringe
- Date: 1960
- Discoverer:
- Discoveries: Introduced disk storage for computers
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
- Date: 1960
- Discoverer: International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
- Discoveries:
Introduced disk storage for computers
- Date: 1960
- Discoverer:
- Discoveries: First CC random-access analyzer
DuPont
- Date: 1960
- Discoverer: DuPont
- Discoveries:
First CC random-access analyzer
Fluids typically used for Clinical Chemistry tests
- Blood
- Urine
- CSF
- Saliva
- Peritoneal fluid
- Pericardial fluid
- Pleural fluid
- Synovial fluid
- Amniotic fluid
Regulatory guidelines that define the practice of Clinical Chemistry
- Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988
- Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Quality standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of patient test results.
Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA) of 1988
The ____ defines clinical laboratory broadly.
Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA) of 1988 and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Two Levels of Regulation
- Waived Tests
- Non-waived Tests
____ are simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by the FDA for home use.
Waived tests
____ are moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirements for operator skill, reagent preparation, etc.
Non-waived tests
Regulations include guidelines for operating safety equipment and identifying, handling, and storing chemical hazards.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
