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Introduction to Clinical Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Other names for Clinical Chemistry

A
  • Chemical Pathology
  • Medical Biochemistry
  • Clinical Biochemistry
  • Pure Chemistry
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2
Q

____ is a branch of medical science that study the biochemical processes associated with health and disease.

A

Clinical Chemistry

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3
Q

____ deals with the measurement of constituents in body fluids to facilitate diagnosis of disease and to monitor the effect of treatment.

A

Clinical Chemistry

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4
Q

____ is a quantitative science that is concerned with the measurement of amounts of analytes in body fluids.

A

Clinical Chemistry

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5
Q

Scope of Clinical Chemistry

A
  • Biochemistry
  • Instrumentation
  • Toxicology
  • Endocrinology
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology
  • Computers
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6
Q

Common analytes in the Chemistry Laboratory

A

1. Iron, Salts, and Minerals
2. Small Organic Molecules
* Metabolites
* Therapeutic drugs
* Toxicology
* Drugs of Abuse

3. Large Molecules
* Transport proteins
* Enzymes
* Specific proteins
* Diabetes marker

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7
Q

History of Clinical Chemistry

Before 400 B.C

A

Physicians from Egypt and Mesopotamia made diagnoses by performing auscultation and palpation.

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8
Q

Before 400 B.C, physicians from Egypt and Mesopotamia made diagnoses by performing ____.

A

auscultation and palpation

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9
Q

History of Clinical Chemistry

300 B.C

A

Hippocrates performed urine examination (tasting urine) to diagnose disease

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10
Q

Hippocrates performed ____ (tasting urine) to diagnose disease

A

urine examination

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11
Q

____ is the Father of Medicine.

A

Hippocrates

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12
Q

History of Clinical Chemistry

A.D 50

A

Rufus of Ephesus described hematuria

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13
Q

____ described hematuria.

A

Rufus of Ephesus

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14
Q

History of Clinical Chemistry

1800

A
  • Friedrich Wohler disproved the Vital Force Theory by Berzelius
  • He was able to synthesize urea by heating ammonium cyanate
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15
Q

____ was able to synthesize urea by heating ammonium cyanate.

A

Friedrich Wohler

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16
Q

The ____ states that organic compounds must have their origin in living organisms and could never be synthesized from organic material.

A

Vital Force Theory

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17
Q

Vital Force Theory was proposed by ____.

18
Q
  • Date: 1918-1920
  • Discoverer:
  • Discoveries:
    Clinical methods for phosphorus and magnesium
    Urine analyte determination
    Relationship of NPN to renal function
    Folin-Ciocalteu reagent
A

Otto Folin

19
Q
  • Date: 1918-1920
  • Discoverer: Otto Folin
  • Discoveries:
A
  • Clinical methods for phosphorus and magnesium
  • Urine analyte determination
  • Relationship of NPN to renal function
  • Folin-Cocalteau reagent
20
Q
  • Date: 1930
  • Discoverer:
  • Discoveries:
    Clinical methods for various enzymes
    Refractometer
    pH meter
A

Beckman Company

21
Q
  • Date: 1930
  • Discoverer: Beckman Company
  • Discoveries:
A
  • Clinical methods for various enzymes
  • Refractometer
  • pH meter
22
Q
  • Date: 1940
  • Discoveries:
A
  • Photoelectric colorimeter
  • Vacuum collection tubes
  • Establishment of College of American Pathologists (CAP) and American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC)
23
Q
  • Date: 1950
  • Discoverer:
  • Discoveries:
    Shewhart QC chart
    Methods for enzymes that are organ-specific
    Methods for blood triglycerides
A

Levy and Jennings

24
Q
  • Date: 1950
  • Discoverer: Levy and Jennings
  • Discoveries:
A
  • Shewhart QC chart
  • Methods for enzymes that are organ-specific
  • Methods for blood triglycerides
25
* **Date:** 1950 * **Discoverer:** * **Discoveries:** Auto-analyzer with flame photometry (FP) principle
Technicon Corporation
26
* **Date:** 1950 * **Discoverer:** Technicon Corporation * **Discoveries:**
Auto-analyzer with flame photometry (FP) principle
27
* **Date:** 1960 * **Discoverer:** * **Discoveries:** Introduced Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS)
Perkin Elmer
28
* **Date:** 1960 * **Discoverer:** Perkin Elmer * **Discoveries:**
Introduced Atomic Absoprtion Spectrometer (AAS)
29
* **Date:** 1960 * **Discoverer:** * **Discoveries:** Introduced disposable needle and syringe
Becton Dickinson
30
* **Date:** 1960 * **Discoverer:** Becton Dickinson * **Discoveries:**
Introduced disposable needle and syringe
31
* **Date:** 1960 * **Discoverer:** * **Discoveries:** Introduced disk storage for computers
International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)
32
* **Date:** 1960 * **Discoverer:** International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) * **Discoveries:**
Introduced disk storage for computers
33
* **Date:** 1960 * **Discoverer:** * **Discoveries:** First CC random-access analyzer
DuPont
34
* **Date:** 1960 * **Discoverer:** DuPont * **Discoveries:**
First CC random-access analyzer
35
Fluids typically used for Clinical Chemistry tests
* Blood * Urine * CSF * Saliva * Peritoneal fluid * Pericardial fluid * Pleural fluid * Synovial fluid * Amniotic fluid
36
Regulatory guidelines that define the practice of Clinical Chemistry
* Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) of 1988 * Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
37
Quality standards for all clinical laboratories to ensure accuracy, reliability, and timeliness of patient test results.
Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA) of 1988
38
The ____ defines clinical laboratory broadly.
Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments (CLIA) of 1988 and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
39
Two Levels of Regulation
* Waived Tests * Non-waived Tests
40
____ are simple laboratory examinations and procedures that are cleared by the FDA for home use.
Waived tests
41
____ are moderately and highly complex tests as defined by the requirements for operator skill, reagent preparation, etc.
Non-waived tests
42
Regulations include guidelines for operating safety equipment and identifying, handling, and storing chemical hazards.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Clinical Chemistry 1 (6 decks)

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