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INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY > LABORATORY APPARATUS, PROCEDURES > Flashcards

LABORATORY APPARATUS, PROCEDURES Flashcards

1
Q

why does laboratory safety matters

A

Safe working protects:
• You
• Other lab workers
• Cleaners
• Visitors
• Your work

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2
Q

how to do risk assessment

A

• Determine hazards and evaluate risks
• Use all relevant available data
• Determine controls needed to minimize those risks
• Document the assessment
• Use those control measures

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3
Q

8 control measures

A
  1. Use a less risky substance
  2. Use a safer form of that substance (eg solution instead of powder)
  3. Totally enclose the process (eg a glove-box)
  4. Partially enclose the process (eg with a fume cupboard)
  5. Ensure good general ventilation
  6. Safe systems of work
  7. Reduce exposure times, increase distance, reduce volumes
  8. Personal protective equipment (as a last resort for primary protection)
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4
Q

protecting yourself in the lab (4)

A

• Wear the clothing and protective wear identified in your risk assessment
• Laboratory coats must be kept fastened
• Don’t wear sandals or open shoes
• Long hair must be tied back

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5
Q

protecting yourself in the lab using hand gloves (4)

A

• There are many different types of protective glove
• Use the correct ones for the job you will be doing
• Remember that you need to select chemical protection gloves
according to the materials and/or substances with which you will
be working
• Remove your gloves before using instruments, telephone, and leaving the laboratory

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6
Q

enumerate laboratory hygiene (5)

A

• Never eat, drink or smoke in a laboratory
• Never apply cosmetics
• Never touch your face, mouth or eyes
• Never suck pens or chew pencils
• Always wash your hands before you leave and especially before eating

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7
Q

What are the general hazards in a laboratory? (9)

A

• Fire
• Breakage of glassware
• Sharps
• Spillages
• Pressure equipment & gas cylinders
• Extremes of heat & cold
• Chemical hazards
• Biological hazards
• Radiation

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8
Q

laboratory safety: avoiding fires (4)

A

• Flammable substances
• Use minimum quantity
• Store in special storage cabinet
• Use temperature-controlled heating sources (eg water-bath rather than hot- plate or Bunsen burner)

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9
Q

laboratory safety: fire safety (3)

A

• Make sure that you know
what to do:
• If you have a fire
• If you hear a fire alarm

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10
Q

laboratory safety: glassware (4)

A

• Use correct techniques for the insertion of tubing onto glassware
• Never use glassware under pressure or vacuum unless it is designed for the job and suitably shielded
• Dispose of chipped or broken glassware – it is a risk to you and others
• Always dispose of broken glass in a glass bin or sharps bin and not in a general waste bin

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11
Q

laboratory safety: spillages (3)

A

• Clear up spillage promptly
• You will already have determined how to do this as part of your risk assessment
• Dispose of any hazardous material as toxic waste

Messy workers are usually poor Messy workers are usually poor
workers!!

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12
Q

laboratory safety: cyrogenics (4)

A

• Liquid gasses are extremely cold and can cause burns
• Liquid gases evaporate and many can cause asphyxiation
• If you need to take cryogens in a lift, there are special procedures to follow – speak to your supervisor or a senior member of technical staff
• You must have special training to use them

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13
Q

laboratory safety: equipment (2)

A

• Always do a visual check on electrical equipment before
use, looking for obvious wear or defects
• NEVER use defective equipment

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14
Q

laboratory safety: general tidiness (4)

A

• Keep your workplace tidy
• Clear up waste, deal with washing up and put things away as you finish with them
• Make sure everything is safe before you leave things unattended
• A tidy laboratory avoids accidents to everyone

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15
Q

laboratory safety: laboratory equipment (2)

A

• Never use any laboratory equipment unless you are trained & have been authorised to do so
• As well as injuring yourself you may cause very costly damage

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16
Q

laboratory safety: protecting yourself

A

• If you have an allergy to lab materials or suffer from a medical
condition which may affect you in the laboratory (eg asthma or epilepsy), ensure that your professor knows

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17
Q

when in doubt, what are you going to do

A

ASK

• Do not carry out a new or unfamiliar procedure until you have been fully trained & understand the precautions necessary for safe
working
• DO NOT GUESS!!!!

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18
Q

what do MSDS means

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

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19
Q

RACE stands for

A

R - Rescue
A - Alarm
C - Contain
E - Extinguish

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20
Q

PASS ( Fire Extinguisher)

A

P - Pull the pin
A - Aim to the base of the fire
S - Squeeze the lever
S - sweep the noodle side to side

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21
Q

acid to water, correct or not?

A

yes, Always add acid to water, not water to acid. Otherwise, the acid can splatter and splash up. When you mix strong acids and water, it makes a difference whether you add acid to water or water to acid. Always add acid to water and not the other way around.

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22
Q

a ventilated enclosure used to trap and exhaust vapors, gases, and nanoparticles

A

Fumehood

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23
Q

3 types of gloves

A

Latex Gloves
Surgical Gloves
Nitrile Gloves

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24
Q

Why many seconds are you going to wash your hands after the exposure in the lab

A

20 seconds

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25
Q

how to handle waste

A

15 - 30 seconds put 10% bleaching with tissue
5 mins alcohol with tissue

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26
Q

means a container either especially designed for the disposal of hypodermic needles or a plastic container suitable for this purpose, or for plate glass may be a rigid reusable container or cardboard box

A

Puncture Proof

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27
Q

in using electricity in laboratory. what type of pronged plug we use

A

3 pronged plug

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28
Q

used in disposal of infectious waste

A

Yellow Plastic Bag

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29
Q

used to dispose chemicals

A

Black Plastic Bag

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30
Q

2 types of units of measurement

A

Metric System
International System (SI unit)

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31
Q

Based on decimal system; a system of divisions and multiples of tens

A

Metric System

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32
Q

standard measurement of length

A

m

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33
Q

standard measurement of weight

A

g

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34
Q

standard measurement of volume

A

L

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35
Q

Standardized system based on seven base units

A

International System (SI units)

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36
Q

SI system: measurement: length, unit name? abbreviation?

A

Meter (m)

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37
Q

SI system: measurement: mass, unit name? abbreviation?

A

kilogram (kg)

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38
Q

SI system: measurement: time, unit name? abbreviation?

A

second (s)

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39
Q

SI system: measurement: amount of substance, unit name? abbreviation?

A

Mole (mol)

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40
Q

SI system: measurement: electrical current, unit name? abbreviation?

A

Ampere (A)

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41
Q

SI system: measurement: temperature, unit name? abbreviation?

A

kelvin (k)

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42
Q

SI system: measurement: luminous Intensity, unit name? abbreviation?

A

Candela (cd)

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43
Q

SI system: prefix: Tera, symbol? factor?

A

T (10 to the power of 12)

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44
Q

SI system: prefix: Giga, symbol? factor?

A

G (10 to the power of 9)

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45
Q

SI system: prefix: Mega, symbol? factor?

A

M (10 to the power of 6)

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46
Q

SI system: prefix: Kilo, symbol? factor?

A

k ( 1 to the power of 3)

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47
Q

SI system: prefix: Hecto, symbol? factor?

A

h (10 to the power of 2)

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48
Q

SI system: prefix: Deka, symbol? factor?

A

da (10 to then power of 1)

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49
Q

SI system: prefix: deci, symbol? factor?

A

d (10 to the power of -1)

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50
Q

SI system: prefix: centi, symbol? factor?

A

c ( 10 to the power of -2)

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51
Q

SI system: prefix: milli, symbol? factor?

A

m ( 10 to the power of -3)

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52
Q

SI system: prefix: micro, symbol? factor?

A

u ( 10 to the power of -6)

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53
Q

SI system: prefix: nano, symbol? factor?

A

n ( 10 to the power of -9)

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54
Q

SI system: prefix: pico, symbol? factor?

A

p ( 10 to the power of -12 )

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55
Q

SI system: prefix: femto, symbol? factor?

A

f ( 10 to the power of -15 )

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56
Q

SI system: prefix: Atto, symbol? factor?

A

a ( 10 to the power of -18 )

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57
Q

the standard unit for measurement of length is

A

meter

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58
Q

the standard unit for measurement of mass is

A

kilogram

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59
Q

the standard unit for measurement of volume is in

A

liters

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60
Q

the standard unit for measurement of amount of substance

A

mole

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61
Q

Basic laboratory principles includes: (5)

A

• Patient preparation
• Proper collection
• Proper specimen handling and processing
• Hiring, Training and Management
• Quality assurance program (Reagent, glasswares and plastic wares, equipment, personnel and outcome/result)

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62
Q

Any substance employed to induce chemical reaction; a substance that is used to test for the presence of another substance by causing a chemical reaction with it

A

Reagents

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63
Q

You have to note about reagents

A

• Chemical reagents comes with varying grade of purity
• MSDS
• Essential in giving ACCURATE results
• Spectrograde, nanograde, HPLC grade, – highest purity
• ACS, USP-NF, NBS, OSRM, CAP, NCCLS,

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64
Q

reagents: Techniques on use and storage

A

• Optimal storage condition
• Can be used directly or needed reconstitution
• Safety hazard
• MSDS

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65
Q

5 types of reagent

A
  1. Reagent grade (RG) or Analytical grade (AR)
  2. Chemical pure grade (CP)
  3. Standard
  4. Less pure grade
  5. USP and NF
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66
Q

2 types of standard reagent

A

Primary Standard
Secondary Standard

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67
Q

2 types of less grade reagent

A

Purified Grade
Technical Grade

68
Q

These chemicals met specifications designed to
permit use in quantitative and qualitative analysis; controls

A

Reagent grade (RG) or Analytical grade (AR)

69
Q

Purity is usually delivered by measurement of melting point or boiling point

A

Chemical pure grade (CP)

70
Q

highly purified chemicals which maybe weighed out directly for the
preparation of solutions of selected concentration or for the standardization of solutions of unknown strength

A

Primary Standard

71
Q

solutions whose concentration cannot be determined directly
from the weight of solute an volume of the solution

A

Secondary standard

72
Q

in general these chemicals should not be used in clinical determination

A

Purified grade

73
Q

generally used in manufacturing

A

Technical grade

74
Q

Represents other grades of purity. While they are adequate for human consumption, they may not be pure enough for specific chemical determinations

A

USP and NF

75
Q

3 types of reagent water

A

TYPE I REAGENT WATER
TYPE II REAGENT WATER
TYPE III REAGENT WATER

76
Q

Use for procedure that use maximum water purity

A

TYPE I REAGENT WATER

77
Q

TYPE I REAGENT WATER is use for

A

• Preparation of standard solution;
• Ultramicrochemical analyses
• Measurement of nano or subnanogram concentration
• Tissue or cell culture methods, electrophoresis,toxicology,

78
Q

Use for most of clinical laboratory determination.,
hematology,immunology,microbio

A

TYPE II REAGENT WATER

79
Q

For most of the qualitative measurement

A

TYPE III REAGENT WATER

80
Q

TYPE III REAGENT WATER is use for

A

Urinalysis, parasitology, histology, washing glasswares

81
Q

distilled water is being redistilled with alkaline permanganate solution that oxidizes the nitrogenous matter present – Conductivity water

A

DISTILLATION

82
Q

(abbreviated “ddH2O”, “Bidest. water” or “DDW”) is prepared by double distillation of water. It was the standard for highly purified laboratory water for biochemistry and trace analysis until combination methods of purification became widespread

A

Double distillation -Double-distilled water

83
Q

also known as demineralized water (DI water, DIW or de- ionized water) water that has had its mineral ions removed, such as cations from sodium, calcium, iron, copper and anions such as chloride and
bromide.

A

DEIONIZATION

84
Q

a physical process which uses specially-manufactured
ion exchange resins which bind to and filter out the mineral salts from water. Because the majority of water impurities are dissolved salts, It produces a high purity water that is generally similar to distilled water, and this process is quick and without scale buildup. However, it does not significantly remove uncharged organic molecules, viruses or bacteria, except by incidental trapping in the resin. Specially made strong base anion resins can remove Gram-negative bacteria

A

Deionization

85
Q

It can be done continuously and inexpensively using electrodeionization. It does not remove the hydroxide or hydronium ions from water. These are the products of the self-ionization of water to equilibrium and therefore are impossible to remove.

A

Deionization

86
Q

water: other processes are also used to purify water,
including:

A

• reverse osmosis
• carbon filtration
• microporous filtration
• ultrafiltration
• ultraviolet oxidation
• electrodialysis.
• Processes rendering water potable but not necessarily closer
to being pure H2O / hydroxide + hydronium ions include use
of dilute sodium hypochlorite, mixed-oxidants (electro-
catalyzed H2O + NaCl), and iodine

87
Q

1 meter to inches is equal to

A

39.37 inches

88
Q

1 in to cm is equals to

A

2.54 cm

89
Q

1 kg to lbs is equal to

A

2.2 lbs

90
Q

the process of configuring an instrument to provide a result for a sample within an acceptable range

A

Calibration

91
Q

Calibration: (2)

A

• Class S (weights 1-500mg)
• Adjustments and realignment

92
Q

2 types of top loading balances

A

Single pan top balances
Electronic balances

93
Q

principle of weighing by substitution; weighs up to 10kg

A

Single pan top balances

94
Q

highly sensitive; 130kg capacity; principle is based on a strict linear relationship between compensation current and force produced by the load placed on the pan

A

Electronic balances

95
Q

the measurement of the quantity of matter in a liquid state

A

Volume

96
Q

used to measure volume

A

Clinical laboratory glasswares

97
Q

an amorphous (non-crystalline) solid material

A

Glasswares

98
Q

typically brittle and optically transparent

A

Glasses

99
Q

5 types of glassware

A

a. High thermal resistant
b. High silica glass
c. High alkali resistant glass
d. Standard flint glass
e. Low actinic glass

100
Q

a type of glass with the main glass-forming
constituents silica and boron oxide; are known for having very low coefficients of thermal expansion (~3 × 10−6 /°C at 20°C),
making them resistant to thermal shock.

A

High thermal resistant / Borosilicate glasswares

101
Q

not used for strong alkali; Such glass is less subject to thermal stress and is commonly used for the construction of reagent bottles

A

Low alkali content and free from magnesia-lime-zinc element

102
Q

glassware for ashing and ignition teschnique

A

Kimax, pyrex (515),vycor (900)

103
Q
  • Comparable to fused quarts in its thermal endurance, chemical
    stability, electrical characteristics
  • Radiation resistant and good optical quality
  • Used in precision analytical work and can also used for optical
    reflectors and mirrors
  • Corex - cuvette
A

High silica Glass – 96%

104
Q
  • Not as resistant as pyrex to heat therefore need to heat and cool
    carefully
  • Used to handle strong alkali solution
A

High alkali resistant glass

105
Q
  • A high thermal with red color added as an integral part
  • Used for light sensitive reagents
A

Standard Flint glass

106
Q
  • Composed of mixture of the oxides of silicon, calcium and sodium
  • Poor resistance to high temperature
  • Pipette, regular tubes and glasswares
A

Low actinic glass / soda Lime glass

107
Q

A long and straightsided \ cylindrical piece of glassware with calibration; Used to measure where less
accuracy is needed

A

Graduated cylinder

108
Q

Long cylindrical graduated pipettes with stopcock (glass or
Rubber); Used for titration

A

Biuret

109
Q

Are frequently used for preparation of standard solutions; Measures liquid volume accurately

A

Volumetric flasks

110
Q

Wide straight sided cylindrical vessels that are available in many
sizes; Used generally for mixing and for
reagent preparation

A

Beaker

111
Q

are often used for preparing reagents and titration purposes

A

Erlenmeyer Flask

112
Q

comes in different sizes depending on their intended
use; Chemical reaction medium

A

Test tubes

113
Q

Cleaning laboratory glasswares (2)

A

• Rinse and immediately placed in a weak detergent
• Chromic acid with sodium or potassium dichromate, concentrated
sulfuric acid and distilled water

114
Q

• Used the principle of dry heat
• 160 degrees for 1-2 hours

A

Hot air sterilizer

115
Q

Another type of volumetric glassware used extensively in the laboratory; Calibration is according to deliver or transfer a specific volume from one vessel to another

A

Pipettes

116
Q

calibrated to deliver the amount of fluid designated on the pipette; this volume will flow out of the pipette by gravity; Calibration is usually performed by measuring the amount of water delivered by the pipette.

A

To deliver (TD)

117
Q

3 types of pipette

A

• According to manner of calibration
• According to graduation
• Specialized pipettes

118
Q

Example of specialized pipettes

A

• Micropipettes
• Unopette
• Capillary pipette
• Automatic pipettor

119
Q

calibrated by introducing exact amount of volume or weight of mercury; it contains exact amount however does not deliver
the exact volume

A

To contain (TC)

120
Q

similar to TD except that the volume is obtained when the last drop is being blown out. An etched or frosted ring indicated this calibration

A

To blow out pipette

121
Q

exact volume is calibrated to fill the volume between 2
calibratess points on the pipette

A

Calibrated between the marks

122
Q

According to calibration: (4)

A
  1. To deliver (TD)
  2. To contain (TC)
  3. To blow out pipette
  4. Calibrated between the marks
123
Q

has a cylindrical bulb located midway the mouthpiece and the tip

A

Volumetric or transfer pipette

124
Q

similar to volumetric pipette but has a larger buld closer to delivery tip and it has an etched ring that indicates that it is a blow out; Used to measure viscous substance ex. Blood and serum

A

Ostwald –Folin pipette

125
Q

plain narrow tube draw out to a tip and graduated uniformly along its length; calibrated to deliver fractional quantity specifically reagents

A

Measuring or graduated pipette

126
Q

2 types of measuring or graduated pipette

A

a. Mohr
b. Serologic Pipette

127
Q

According to graduations: (2)

A
  1. Volumetric or transfer pipette
  2. Measuring or graduated pipette
128
Q

Calibrated to contain or to wash out the pipettes; 1 lambda = 1uL =
0.001mL

A

Micropipettes

129
Q

4 example of micropipettes

A

a. Kirk transfer pipette
b. Self filling transfer pipette
c. Lang levy pipette
d. Overflow pipette

130
Q

1 lambda = uL? mL?

A

1uL
0.001mL

131
Q

TC OR TD: Kirk transfer pipette

A

TC

132
Q

TC OR TD: Self filling transfer pipette

A

TC

133
Q

TC OR TD: Lang levy pipette

A

TD

134
Q

TC OR TD: Overflow pipette

A

TC

135
Q

A special disposable micropipette used in the hematology laboratory; It is self filling pipette accompanied by polyethylene
reagent reservoir

A

Unopette

136
Q

fitted in a plastic holder and fill automatically with blood by means of capillary action

A

capillary pipette

137
Q

Inexpensive, disposable micropipette; It is filled up to the calibrated line by capillary action and measured liquid is delivered by
positive pressure as with a medicine dropper

A

Capillary pipette

138
Q

Allows rapid, repetitive measurement and delivery of
predetermined volumes of reagents or specimens; 0.5-500 uL

A

Automated pipettor

139
Q

Pipetting technique (6)

A

• Check pipette before using – wet, chipped or broken
• Hold properly between thumb and forefinger
• Wipe the pipette with a soft tissue or lint free cloth
• Hold the pipette vertically
• Do not mouth pipette
• Read the meniscus

140
Q

Read the meniscus (3)

A

• Bottom of the meniscus
• Upper meniscus
• Eye level

141
Q

separates substances with different densities by centrifugal
force (Substance is separated into precipitate and supernatant); Speed is usually given in revolutions per minute; More satisfactory than filtration; The faster the speed the longer the radius, the better quality of the filtrate

A

Centrifugation

142
Q

Parts of Centrifugation:

A

• Tachometer
• Loader
• Knobs

143
Q

Parts of Centrifugation function: calibrator

A

Tachometer

144
Q

Parts of Centrifugation function: balance sets of test tube placers

A

Loader

145
Q

Parts of Centrifugation function: break, speed regulator, timer

A

Knobs

146
Q

Types of Centrifuge (6)

A

Table top model
Floor model
Refrigerated centrifuge
Ultracentrifuge
Cytocentrifuge,
Serofuge.

147
Q

two traditional centrifuge used in the laboratory:

A

• Horizontal head centrifuge / swinging bucket
• Fixed angle head centrifuge ex. Microhematocrit centrifuge

148
Q

The number of revolutions per minute and the centrifugal force
generated are expressed as r; 600rpm – 7300rcf

A

Centrifuge speed – rpm

149
Q

Factors that affect centrifugation: (7)

A

• To balance the centrifuge
• Cover the specimen being processed
• Used proper centrifuge tubes
• Always checked for the rubber cushion
• Cover the centrifuge while rotating
• Do not try to stop the centrifuge with your bare hands
• Centrifuge should be checked, cleaned and lubricated regularly

150
Q

Usually accomplished by gravtiy, pressure or suction

A

Filtration

151
Q

filter paper folded into conical shape or 60 degree cone

A

Gravity filtration

152
Q

4 types of filtration equipment

A

Gravity filtration
Funnel
Porcelain Buchner funnel
Porous Glass filters

153
Q

refers to the substance being dissolved which may be a solid,
liquid or gas

A

SOLUTE

154
Q

refers to the substance in which solute is being dissolved,
which in most cases are liquid

A

SOLVENT

155
Q

refers to the weight or volume of the solute present in a specific amount of the solvent or a solution

A

concentration of solutions

156
Q

3 types of concentration of solution

A

• Percentage
• Molarity
• Normality

157
Q

Refers to the parts of solute per 100 parts of solvent; The amount of solute in a solution can be measured as a percentage of
the total volume of solution

A

Percent solution

158
Q

Formula for percent solution

A

% = solute/100

159
Q

refers to the number of grams of solute per 100mL solution:

A

Weight in volume percent solution (W/V)

160
Q

Formula: Weight in volume percent solution (W/V)

A

grams of solute = desired (% solution) x volume desired (total)
/100

161
Q

used when both solute and solvent are liquid. It refers to the amount of solute in mL in 100 mL of solvent

A

Volume in volume percent solution (V/V)

162
Q

Formula: Volume in volume percent solution (V/V)

A

mLof solute = desired (% solution) x volume desired (total) / 100

163
Q

it refers to grams of solute per 100 grams of solution

A

Weight in weight percent solution (W/W)

164
Q

Formula: Weight in weight percent solution (W/W)

A

mL of Conc. = mL/ gm solute X %W/V desired X Final vol(mL)/ 100

165
Q

defined as a solution containing one gram molecular weight ( one mole of the solute in one liter solution) of the substance per liter of the solution

A

molar solution of a substance

166
Q

equal to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
(solvent)

A

Molarity

167
Q

obtained by adding the atomic weights of the component elements in their proper proportions in the formula

A

molecular weight of one compound

INORGANIC AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (7 decks)

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