Laboratory and Diagnostic imaging Flashcards
lab results
help establish diagnoses, track the course of diseases, offer prognoses
hematology
analyze blood, collecting and handling blood samples performing a CBC assisting with bone marrow examination, performing routine blood coagulation
sample quality
has a significant impact on test accuracy
sample collection
needs to be the right size not too big to rupture the vein
whole blood
composed of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and plasma
plasma
fluid found in whole blood
anticoagulants
used when whole blood or plasma samples are needed
purpose of CBC’s
cost-effective way to learn about the patient, can diagnose disease and screens animal before surgery
blood is composed of
erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (wbc), thrombocytes (platelets), plasma (liquid)
packed cell volume (pcv)
measure of percentage of blood that is occupied by rbc’s. low may indicate anemia
thrombocytes
platelets function to provide an initiating coagulation factor
urinalysis
determine the presence of abnormal formed elements in the urine
sample urine collection
free flow or clean catch, expressing the bladder, catheterization, cystocentesis (inserting needle into bladder)
sample collection
first morning urine sample is the preferred specimen because it is the most concentrated
complete urine analysis in 4 parts
gross examination, specific gravity, biochemical analysis, sediment examination
gross examination
colour, clarity, odor, volume, normal is amber coloured and has a characteristic odor
specific gravity
measure of the ratio of a volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water
biochemical testing
used to detect substances that may have passed into the urine as a result of damage to the kidneys, dipstick tests provide indicator pads for protein, glucose, ketones, pH, bilirubin and blood
urine sediment
would be the abnormal elements on the sample. They settle to the bottom of the sample (crystals, calls and casts)
parasitology
study of organisms that live in or another organism the host from which they derive their nourishment
definitive host
sheltering the sexual adult stages of the parasite
intermediate host
harbouring asexual (immature) or larval stages of parasite
survival
it must have dependable means of transfer from one host to another and the ability to develop and reproduce in the host
survival requirements
mode of entry into a host, ability of a susceptible host, accommodating and env’t in the host for maturation and reproduction (digestive etc), mode of exit from the hose (feces, urine, blood)
impact on host
injury on entry, injury by migration, injury by resistance, chemical or physical injury, injury cause by host reaction
roundworm
found in dogs, primarily located on the skin
fleas
blood-sucking parasites of dogs, cats, rodents, birds and people. heavy infestations can produce anemia. detected around the tail head, ventral abdomen and under the chin
lice
lice glue their eggs or nits to the hairs or feathers of the host, transmission is usually by direct contact
flies
produce harm by inflicting painful bites, sucking blood, producing hypersensitive reactions depositing eggs in sores causing annoyance and acting as vectors
ticks
blood sucking arachnids
mites
most spend their entire life cycle on the host and produce manage, most transmitted through direct contact with infested animal
precautions
wear gloves and frequent hand washing, clean and disinfect work areas after examinations, clean equipment fequently
fecal testing
sample must be fresh and stored properly if testing is delayed, not refrigerated
direct smear
small amount of feces on a glass slide is ezamined infer a microscope
fecal floatation
flotation method to measure specific gravity
centrifugal floatation
sample is strained to remove excess debris
fecal sedimentation
used when suspected parasites produce ova too large to be recovered with standard flotation
cellophane tape preparation
often used to said in identification of tapeworms
MPD
maximum permissible dose of radiation
radiation safety
tissues with rapidly growing or reproducing cells are the most sensitive to radiation
radiation exposure can cause damage in several ways
possible carcinogenic effects (cancer), reproductive organs may suffer from infertility damage to RBC, can be genetic and effect future generations, radiodermatitis (reddened, dry skin), damage to a developing fetus
minimizing exposure
lead shielding, gowns, gloves, thyroid shields, increase distance from primary beam, proper use of patient positioning aids, fastest film combinations, proper darkroom practices
general radiation safety rules
always wear protective gear, wear radiation monitoring device, never allow body parts to be in the line of the beam, distance, pregnant women not allowed, under 18 not allowed, only those people needed should be in the room
radiographic artificats
any unwanted density in the form of blemishes, improper handling, exposure, processing, housekeeping
reduce appearance of artifacts
external debris, wet hair, lumps or bumps, remove dirt or mats from the coast, collars, leashes, halters or bandages
fogged film
film expired
black crescents or lines
rough handling of film before or after exposure
decreased detail
patient motion
entire film clear
no exposure
ventral
situated towards the underside of quadrupeds
dorsal
situated toward the back or topline of quadrypeds
lateral
situated away from the midline
diagnostic ultrasound
noninvasive method of imaging soft tissues
patient prep
hair clipped or shaved, wipe area with alcohol or soapy water, fasting of small animals before abdominal ultrasound
rigid endoscopes
composed of a metal tube, lenses, and glass rods. rhinoscopy, laproscopy, vaginoscopy, female cystoscopy, arthroscopy, throroscopy
flexible endoscopes
GI endoscopy, bronchoscopy, male cystoscopy
GI endocopy prep
fasting food from patient for at least 12-24hrs
colonoscopy
all feces should be removed from the colon before, fasting 36hrs
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
noninvasive procedure used primarily to examine the internal organs
items to interfere with MRI
gas anesthesia machines, collars, watches, hairpins, clip boards, IV poles, cell phones, glasses, ink pens
