Behaviour, Restraint, Husbandry and Nutrition Flashcards
ethology
study of animal behaviour. it’s both instinctive and learned
classical conditioning
conditioned response that associates stimuli that occurs at about the same time or in roughly the same area
operant conditioning
conditioned response that refers to the association of a particular activity with punishment or reward
imprinting
pattern of behaviours that occurs early in life and bonds animals to their caretakers.
most important period for behaviour development in dogs and cats
3-12 weeks. what happens during this period can affect and animal for the rest of its life
positive reinforcement
any immediate pleasant occurrence that follows a behaviour. treats and praise
negative reinforcement
any immediate unpleasant occurrence used to create a desired behaviour. electric fence, witholding affection, refusal to give treats
anthropomprphism
the attribution of human characteristics and emotions to animals
cat scratching
mostly territorial, stretches the muscles and tendons and removes worn outer sheaths, greeting and play
dog destructive behaviour
digging, chewing, tearing, scratching, throwing trash around. separation anxiety, noise, loneliness, play, teething, investigating
socialization for dogs
should happen at a young age, to be taught how to act around other animals and humans
problem resolutions
arriving at a behavioural diagnosis, medical conditions, history of behaviour, observe animal at home, interview the owner
command response reward
giving a command and immediately rewarding the desired response every time it is performed
clicker training
use of a sound signal to the animal that it performed the right behaviour and will receive a reward
extinction
elimination of a problem behaviour by completely removing the reinforcement for the behaviour
avoidance therapy
associating an unpleasant stimulus with a behaviour
habituation
surrounding the animal with the stimulus at low levels until the animal becomes acclimated to the stimulus and is no longer afraid of it
counterconditioning
replacing an undesirable behaviour with a desirable one
desensitizing
diminishing a particular behaviour by gradually exposing the animal to the stimulus that produces the inappropriate response
environmental modification
changing one or more environmental parameters
surgery
anatomic alteration. male pets to decrease aggressiveness and markings
mediciation
sedatives, hormonal agents, herbal
approaching a dog
extend hand-palm down, fingers bent slightly, let dog sniff your hand
happy dog
wagging tail, initiated affection, head cocked and slightly lowered
aggressive dog
head lowered between shoulders, level stare, tail straight out, grimace or growl
dog danger potential
main defense is to retreat, any dog will fight if cornered, can always bite
dog restraint devices
leash, guantlets (heavy leather gloves), catchpole (rigid pole separating the restrainer and dog with a quick release handle, voice commands
dog special handling
puppies, pregnant dogs, old dogs, nervous dogs, aggressive dogs, injured
removing dog from cages or runs
handler blocks door with a knee or forearm to prevent escape
lifting dogs
small- draped over the forearm, medium- one arm around neck, other arm around rear end, lrg- lifted by two people
dog standing restraint
one arm around dogs neck, other arm around its abdomen, keeping dog close to body
dog crowding
for lrg dogs. dog in sitting position close to a corner. straddle, and restrain head with both hands, gripping mandibles
dog sitting or sternal recumbency
usually used on exam tables
when restraining a cat
minimal amount of restraint should be used, procedure should be done as quickly as possible. if it vigorously opposes release it then gently try again
cat restraint devices
towel and blanket, feline restraint bags, muzzles, guantlet
cat distraction techniques
caveman pats-exaggerated heavy buy gentle pats on the head. Puffs of air- blowing or puffing air into cats face
husbandry
involves the housing, diet and environment of animals
vaccinations
prevent diseases
proper sanitation and disinfectants
prevent infections and disease transmission
preventative medicine
husbandry, vaccinations and sanitization all contribute
goals of preventive medicine
lowest possible incidence of disease in animals under the care of the veterinary practice/ fewer visits = efficient preventive medicine. saves expenses with disease , prolongs life spans and improves the well-being of animals
ventilation
If inadequate it increases urine odors, ammonia levels and the number of airborne bacteria and viruses. keep animals away from vents and air conditioners.
light
whatever is good for humans is also good for animals. Don’t keep the animal in direct sunlight
temperature
room temp ideally should be 18-29C. Birds, older pets, and those with a sparse coat need a higher temp.
qualities of good housing
prevent contamination of animal with feces and urine. psychological comfort of companion animals, appropriate for species. structurally sound, free of dangerous surfaces, be constructed so animal cannot escape an vermin cannot get in. easy to clean, provide dry, cleans and protected env’t. protect from weather. allow for size and behaviour.
Id methods
microchip, tattoo, collar and name tag
housekeeping
cleaning floors, flat surfaces, walls, cages, runs and stalls. Clean and organize waiting room, exam room and bathroom.
psychological needs
touching and praising pet, they may be afraid and uncomfortable. talk gently and quietly, go down to pet level to pet (dog). in appointment offer treats and give more affection
nutrition
bowels kept clean, diet to suite animal, feed on regular schedule and sufficient quantity
nutrient
constituent of food that is ingested to support life, fats, proteins, carbs, water, minerals.
energy-producing
produce energy through digestion, metabolism or transformation
non-energy-producing
“gatekeepers” of metabolism
fat
contains energy
carbs
soluable (sugar, starches) insoluable (fiber)
fiber
insoluable carbs, added to diet to treat obesity or management of gastrointestinal disorders
water
foundation for metabolism of all nutrients in the body
vitamins
maintain normal physiologic functions and are required only in minute amounts
minerals
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, magnesium and others
portion control
most popular way to feed dogs. can be all at once or a few times per day
free choice
unlimited food all day
time control
portion of food offered with only 5-10 min access
gestating or lactating dogs
increase food intake gradually because daily energy requires increase
puppies
weaning begins at 3-5 weeks
adult dogs
monitor activity and predisposition to obesity
active dogs
enhanced levels of fat as well as increased total digestibility
geriatric
based upon patient assessment not solely on the dogs age
overweight
obesity is the most common nutritional disorder
feeding practices
match to stage in life, for ideal body weight not current one. amount of food. no table scraps, don’t over feed. gradual change of diet (3-5days). treats should not compromise more then 10% of the diet.use dry food, ice chips and vegetables as treats work it with the amount of food given at feedings
kittens
weaning approx 7 weeks
adult cats
eats several small meals throughout day
lower UTI
special diets available
geriatric cats
aging can diminish the senses of smell and taste, so food for ages cats should have enhanced aroma and taste
gestating or lactating
allow queen to have free access to food during the last 30 days of gestation and throughout lactation
nutritional assessment
general considerations and progressing to specific evaluations
decisions for feeding pets
activity level, breed, age,current health status, spayed or neutered
free feeding
allowing free access, can lead to obesity
palatability factors
texture, odor, temp, fat and protein levels, moisture content, shape of dry food(cats), acidity (cats)
palatability factors
texture, odor, temp, fat and protein levels, moisture content, shape of dry food(cats)
ill or debilited patients
proper nutritional support is an important aspect o therapy for hospitalized patients. supports healing, minimizes length of time in hospital
hospitalizations
patient loses more then 10% of body weight, decresed appetite or anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, trauma, or wounds.
increased needs in hospital
fever, sepsis, wounds, surgery, organ dysfuction or chronic disease
dogs without nutritional support
1 week before suffering ill affects
cats without nutritional support
can only survive a few days
methods of nutritiional support
route either enteral or parenteral or a combinaion of both
disease
any alteration from the normal state of health
etiology
study of the causes of disease
necropsy
same as an autopsy in humans
pathogen
disease causing agent
fever, inflammation and response to injury
body trying to fight the infection resulting from pathogens
fever
pyrexia, abnormal increase in body temperature
inflammation
5 cardinal signs heat, swelling, pain, redness and loss of function
pathogens
infections organisms tht can cause disease in a host
parasites
organisms that have adapted to live on or within a host organism, deriving all their nutrients from that host, ideally without killing the host
viruses
extremely small infectious agents that can cause disease in a wide variety of animals
direct transmisssion
bite, scratch, contact (rabies-bite, ringworm-contact)
indirect transmission
airborne, vector, food, water (salmonellosis-injestion, tuberculosis- inhalation)
passive immunity
passed from mother to baby
active immunity
animal develops its own antibodies to pathogens, through vaccinations
vaccines administered
via injection. consists of a particular antigen unique to a pathogen
vaccines for dogs
rabies, distemper, parvovirus, coronavirus, canine adenovirus, bordetella bronchiseptica, parainfluenza, leptospirosis, borrelia burgdorferi
vaccines for cats
rabies, panleukopenia (feline distemper), chlamydophila felis, rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), bordetella bronchiseptica. start around 6 weeks of age.
genetic disease factors
not usually controllable, inherited mutations, diminished mental capacities,
dietary factors
generally controllable by owners
environmetal factors
cannot control weather, just housing for pet
metaboloc factors
beyond our control age, reproductive status, concurrent disease and non specific stressors
common diseases
arthritis, asthma (feline), cataracts, diabetes mellitus, distemper (dog), heartworm disease, hip dysplasia, FIV, intestinal parasitism, parvo (dogs), skin tumours, urolithiasis
