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FPC-CFRN > Laboratory Analysis > Flashcards

Laboratory Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Na+
normal Range

A

135 - 145 mEq/L
Primary extracellular cation
Marker for fluid status
Increase Na can cause fluid retention

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2
Q

How fast should you correct Na+?

A

No faster than 0.5 mEq/L per hour

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3
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A

CHF
Renal failure
Liver disease
Heavy exercise
Dehydration
Dilution hyponatremia—water poisoning, SIADH

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4
Q

What can happen if you correct hyponatremia to fast?

A

Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Demyelination of nerve fibers

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5
Q

K+
Normal range

A

3.5 - 5 mEq/L
Primary intercellular cation
Response for cell excitability, resting membrane potential

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6
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A

Tissue breakdown
Drug administration
Metabolic acidosis
Acute renal failure

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7
Q

Hyperkalemia treatment

A

Bicarbonate
Insulin
D50W
Albuterol
Calcium

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8
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A

Cellular shifts
GI or renal losses
Lasix administration

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9
Q

Cl-
Normal Range

A

96 -106 mEq/L
Extracellular anion
Helps kidney concentrate urine

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10
Q

Total CO2
Normal range

A

22 - 26 mEq/L
Same as HCO3 on ABG
Helps maintain acid-base balance
Venous bicarbonate level

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11
Q

BUN
Normal Range

A

8 - 23 mg/dL
Product of protein catabolism
Provides picture of renal clearance

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12
Q

Cr
Normal Range

A

0.7 - 1.4 mg/dL
Provides picture of renal clearance
Does not pinpoint disease, indicates decreased function

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13
Q

Glucose (Glu)
Normal Range

A

70 - 110 mg/dL

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14
Q

Total Calcium Ca++
Normal Range

A

8.5 - 10.2
Most essential electrolyte

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15
Q

Causes of Hypercalcemia

A

Tumor on parathyroid
Tuberculosis
Thiazide diuretics
Kidney Transplant

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16
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia

A

Decreased intake
Low levels of albumin
Alcoholism/liver disease
Pancreatitis
Renal Failure

17
Q

Ionized Calcium
Normal Range

A

4.5 - 5.6
Determines total body calcium to free calcium

18
Q

Anion Gap
Normal Range

A

12 (+/-4)
The higher the gap, the worse the acidosis

19
Q

Total Protein
Normal Range

A

6.0 - 8.0 g/dL
Consists of albumin and immunoglobulins

20
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBC)
Normal range

A

5 million
Values vary by gender

21
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb)
Normal range

A

15 g/dL

22
Q

Hematocrit
Normal Range

A

45%
Percentage of blood that is formed elements within plasma

23
Q

White Blood Cells (WBC)
Normal Range

A

4500 - 11,000/uL
Low levels—sepsis, cancers
Elevated-Leukocytosis—inflammation, infection, PE, MI, DVT, steroids, trauma

24
Q

Platelets
Normal range

A

150 K - 400 K/uL
Aids in clotting
Low platelets = thrombocytopenia

25
Q

Albumin
Normal range

A

3.5 - 5.0 g/dL
Produced in liver
Decreased in liver disease
Main source of oncotic pressure

26
Q

PT (Prothrombin Time)
Normal Range

A

10 - 13 seconds
Extrinsic pathway
Triggered by damaged tissue
Releases tissue thromboplastin
Highest in brain & placenta
Platelets activate
Initiates clotting
Formation of clot

27
Q

PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)
Normal Range

A

25 - 40 second
Intrinsic pathway
Triggered by endothelial damage
Platelets activate
Initiates clotting
Formation of clot

28
Q

INR (International Normalized Ratio)
Normal Range

A

0.9 - 1.3 sec
Therapeutic INR for pts on anticoagulants 2 - 3 sec
Higher INR, less patient will clot

29
Q

ALT (Alanine transaminase)
Normal range

A

7 - 55 unit per liter
Enzyme in the liver that helps body metabolize protein

30
Q

AST (Aspartate transaminase)
Normal Range

A

8 - 48
Increased levels indicates liver damage, disease or muscle damage

31
Q

ALP (Alkaline phosphatase)
Normal Range

A

45 - 115
Enzyme in liver, bile ducts and bone
Increased indicates liver damage/disease, blocked bile duct or bone disease

32
Q

Bilirubin
Normal Range

A

0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL
Normal breakdown of RBC
Elevated indicates liver damage/disease
Jaundice

33
Q

Lactate
Normal Range

A

0.5 - 1 mmol/L
Lactic acidosis > 4 - 5 mmol/L
decreased blood flow to cells
Trends have more prognostic implications

34
Q

Amylase
Normal Range

A

25 - 135 U/L
Used to detect pancreatitis
> 300
Elevates within 2 - 12 hours

35
Q

Lipase
Normal Range

A

5 - 60 U/L
Lipase breaks down fats
Increased levels > 150 indicates pancreatitis

36
Q

Osmolality
Normal range

A

275 - 295 mOsm/L
Measures the weight (solute) of solution
Indicator of hydration status
Osmolality of blood increases with dehydration and decreases with over hydration

FPC-CFRN (14 decks)

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