Labeling (class) Flashcards
Who found that teachers labelled pupils in terms of how close they were to the ideal student?
Howard Becker (1971)
What is the ideal student?
judged according to the behaviours like work, conduct, language, accent, and appearance. They are hard-working, polite, and well-presented. These characteristics tended to correspond to the stereotypical image of middle-class students.
What did Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) find?
found evidence of the self-fulfilling prophecy. They told teachers they designed a fake test that would identify pupils who would ‘spurt ahead’. The researchers found 47% of students made significant progress.
Who found the ‘ideal pupil’ varies according to the social class composition, or make-up, of the school.
Amelia Hempel-Jorgensen (2009)
Who found teachers also labelled parents according to social class.
Mairead Dunne and Louise Gazeley (2008)
What did Ray Rist (1970) argue
found teachers sorted students into ‘tigers’ who were middle-class, an intermediate group of ‘cardinals’ and then ‘clowns’ who were repeating the year and tended to be working-class.
What did Douglas (1964) argue
found children placed in a lower stream aged 8 declined in IQ score by age 11, while children in a higher streams had improved their IQ.
What did the Education Endowment Foundation (2021) argue?
collated evidence showing that consistently setting and streaming improves outcomes for middle class students, but negatively impacts working-class students.
What did Gillborn and Youdell (2001) find?
link streaming to the ‘A-C economy’. This is where schools focus their time, effort, and resources on those pupils they see as having the potential to get 5 GCSEs at grade 5. This boosts schools league table positions.
Define the educational triage
Those who will pass anyway and don’t need support.
Those with potential who will get the most help to get grade C/5+
Hopeless cases who are deemed ‘doomed to fail’.
Who found both setting and streaming negatively impacted the well-being and mental health of students in lower-sets.
Dr Robert Holmes (2018)
What did Reay (2005) find?
streaming/setting tended to replace segregated schooling from 1965 to 2010. Class segregation between schools involves educating social classes in different schools.
What did Lacey (1970) find?
argues pupil subcultures develop in two steps. First, labelling, and second, polarisation, (students respond to labels and ability grouping by polarising to two opposite ‘poles’.)
Who found boys in lower streams were triple failures
David Hargreaves (1967)
What did Mac and Ghail (1994) find?
found ‘new enterprisers’ saw the curriculum in a positive light because it would equip them to get a job and earn money. They tended to like subjects like business studies and ICT.
