Feminism Argument Flashcards
define patriarchy
a stratification system that rank men above women
what is feminism
a political movement and sociological theory that wants to get rid of patriarchy - form of praxis
describe first-wave feminism
1840s to 1920s - the suffrage period, voting rights for women.
describe the second-wave of feminism
1960s to 1970s - women rights in education, employment, and reproductive rights.
describe the third wave feminism
1990s onwards â move away from white middle-class feminism, towards intersectional feminism.
what is the gender gap at GCSE
2023, 26 % of GCSEs entered by female pupils achieved a grade 7 or above, compared to 20% of those entered by male pupils.
what is the first theme?
education reform
why was it thought that girls didnât require an education?
they had to perform roles as mothers and wives - some upper-class girls were home tutored in subjects that would be marriage material for men i.e needlework
when was the Education Act
1870-1899
what did the Education act say?
established state-wide education for all children between the ages of five and 12.
increased to 14 for both boys and girls in 1918.
what were the literacy rates between men and women by 1900?
97% almost equal to menâs
what is the second theme
changes in womenâs employment
what is the evidence for changes in womenâs employment
Eve worth
what did Eve worth say
girls were inspired to participate in education in order to pursue careers, while many women returned to education as adults whilst employed.
analysis for changes in womenâs employment?
Office for National Statistics from 2021, found the employment rate for women is 72% and 79% for men.
what did second-wave feminists campaign for and what did it lead to?
campaigned for equal treatment in the workplace. This led to the 1970 Equal Pay Act and the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act
what did the 1970 Equal pay act do
made it illegal to pay women less than men for work of equal value.
what did the 1975 Sex discrimination act do?
outlawed discrimination at work.
what is the third theme?
changes in girlsâ ambitions
who is the evidence for changes in girlsâ ambitions
Sue Sharpe
what did Sue Sharpe say?
found in 1976 girlsâ priorities were âlove, marriage, husbands, children, jobs and careers,
what did Sharpe find when she repeated her research in 1994
found priorities had shifted towards jobs, careers, and self-sufficiency.
what is the analysis for changes in girlsâ ambitions
Diane Reay
what did Reay say?
Working-class girls are less likely to see education as a vehicle to a successful career and life.
what is the first theme (internal)
liberal feminism
what is the goal of liberal feminists
gender equality
what is the method of liberal feminists
gradual reforms and greater representation of women
what is the first focus of liberal feminists?
gradual legal reforms
when did schools become co-educational
1965
what is the second area of focus
representation in the teaching workforce to act as role models
at present how many women are teachers vs leadership positions
76% of teachers are women but 69% are in leadership positions
what is the third area of focus for liberal feminists
representation in subjects and careers
what is the evidence for the third area for focus for liberal feminists
only 35% of young women choose to study STEM subjects at A-levels
Women in STEM aims to close the gender gap in STEM industries
what is the final area of focus for liberal feminists
is the under-representation and misrepresentation of women in the overt curriculum through stereotypes
who is the evidence for the final area of focus for liberal feminists
Gaby Weiner
what did Weiner argue
womenâs history has grown in importance within history curriculum through studies of important women, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine.
what is the goal of radical feminism
revolutionary overthrow of the family and marriage as the social institutions reproducing patriarchy through the collective organisation of women.
what is the gender gap between men and women ?
6% gap in terms of GCSE grades 7+
what is the first way the gender gap is analysed ?
transformation of womenâs employment by WW1 and WW2
in 1968 how many teachers were women?
68%
how does the TDA 2006 criticise radical feminists
primary schools has been feminised by the lack of teachers who are men. They argue there are not role models for boys and women teachers struggle to impose discipline.
How does Sewell criticise radical feminists
education has become feminised and does not celebrate âmasculineâ traits such as competitiveness and leadership.
what is the second radical feminists argument
sexism within education
who is the evidence for sexism within education?
Ellen Powell
what did Powell argue
schools and teachers label girls as sexual objects. For example, monitoring colourful bras and skirt length to avoid it âdistractingâ men and boys blames girls for their objectification.
what is the analysis for sexism in education
Ofsted 2021 - 92% of girls report that sexist name-calling was frequent
- 1/3 reported unwanted sexual touching
- 3/4 heard terms like âslutâ and âslagâ used frequently
what is the goal of Marxist feminists
get rid of patriarchy and capitalism - patriarchal capitalism
what is the method marxist feminism
the political organisation of working-class women as a social class to overthrow both capitalism and patriarchy
what is the first part of the narrative history for marxism
lower class women had greater equality under feudalism with capitalism seeing women facing greater oppression
what is the second part of narrative history of marxism
capitalism oppresses and exploits women both in terms of gender and class
what is the third part of the narrative history for marxism
liberal feminism has won some gender equality but this is not equality if it doesnât include working-class women.
what is the marxist feminists main focus
intersectionality of gender and social class and gender
who is the evidence for marxist feminists
Carol Fuller
what did Carol Fuller say
working-class girls had ambitions to jobs like childcare and hair and beauty.
- reflects their working-class habitus and realistic expectations of their future as working-class women.
How does Fuller analyse further ?
schools reinforce the gendered and classed experiences of working-class girls through work experience placements.
- allocating them positions in feminine, working-class areas like childcare and hair and beauty.
