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Education > Feminism Argument > Flashcards

Feminism Argument Flashcards

1
Q

define patriarchy

A

a stratification system that rank men above women

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2
Q

what is feminism

A

a political movement and sociological theory that wants to get rid of patriarchy - form of praxis

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3
Q

describe first-wave feminism

A

1840s to 1920s - the suffrage period, voting rights for women.

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4
Q

describe the second-wave of feminism

A

1960s to 1970s - women rights in education, employment, and reproductive rights.

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5
Q

describe the third wave feminism

A

1990s onwards – move away from white middle-class feminism, towards intersectional feminism.

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6
Q

what is the gender gap at GCSE

A

2023, 26 % of GCSEs entered by female pupils achieved a grade 7 or above, compared to 20% of those entered by male pupils.

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7
Q

what is the first theme?

A

education reform

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8
Q

why was it thought that girls didn’t require an education?

A

they had to perform roles as mothers and wives - some upper-class girls were home tutored in subjects that would be marriage material for men i.e needlework

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9
Q

what was established in 1871 and what did they advocate for ?

A

Women’s Education Union was established in 1871. They campaigned for cheap day schools for all classes above the level of elementary education.

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10
Q

when was the Education Act

A

1870-1899

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11
Q

what did the Education act say?

A

established state-wide education for all children between the ages of five and 12.
increased to 14 for both boys and girls in 1918.

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12
Q

what were the literacy rates between men and women by 1900?

A

97% almost equal to men’s

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13
Q

what is the second theme

A

changes in women’s employment

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14
Q

what is the evidence for changes in women’s employment

A

Eve worth

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15
Q

what did Eve worth say

A

girls were inspired to participate in education in order to pursue careers, while many women returned to education as adults whilst employed.

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16
Q

analysis for changes in women’s employment?

A

Office for National Statistics from 2021, found the employment rate for women is 72% and 79% for men.

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17
Q

what did second-wave feminists campaign for and what did it lead to?

A

campaigned for equal treatment in the workplace. This led to the 1970 Equal Pay Act and the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act

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18
Q

what did the 1970 Equal pay act do

A

made it illegal to pay women less than men for work of equal value.

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19
Q

what did the 1975 Sex discrimination act do?

A

outlawed discrimination at work.

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20
Q

what is the third theme?

A

changes in girls’ ambitions

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21
Q

who is the evidence for changes in girls’ ambitions

A

Sue Sharpe

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22
Q

what did Sue Sharpe say?

A

found in 1976 girls’ priorities were ‘love, marriage, husbands, children, jobs and careers,

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23
Q

what did Sharpe find when she repeated her research in 1994

A

found priorities had shifted towards jobs, careers, and self-sufficiency.

24
Q

what is the analysis for changes in girls’ ambitions

A

Diane Reay

25
Q

what did Reay say?

A

Working-class girls are less likely to see education as a vehicle to a successful career and life.

26
Q

what is the first theme (internal)

A

liberal feminism

27
Q

what is the goal of liberal feminists

A

gender equality

27
Q

what is the method of liberal feminists

A

gradual reforms and greater representation of women

28
Q

what is the first focus of liberal feminists?

A

gradual legal reforms

29
Q

when did schools become co-educational

A

1965

30
Q

what is the second area of focus

A

representation in the teaching workforce to act as role models

31
Q

at present how many women are teachers vs leadership positions

A

76% of teachers are women but 69% are in leadership positions

32
Q

what is the third area of focus for liberal feminists

A

representation in subjects and careers

33
Q

what is the evidence for the third area for focus for liberal feminists

A

only 35% of young women choose to study STEM subjects at A-levels
Women in STEM aims to close the gender gap in STEM industries

34
Q

what is the final area of focus for liberal feminists

A

is the under-representation and misrepresentation of women in the overt curriculum through stereotypes

35
Q

who is the evidence for the final area of focus for liberal feminists

A

Gaby Weiner

36
Q

what did Weiner argue

A

women’s history has grown in importance within history curriculum through studies of important women, such as Eleanor of Aquitaine.

37
Q

what is the goal of radical feminism

A

revolutionary overthrow of the family and marriage as the social institutions reproducing patriarchy through the collective organisation of women.

38
Q

what is the gender gap between men and women ?

A

6% gap in terms of GCSE grades 7+

39
Q

what is the first way the gender gap is analysed ?

A

transformation of women’s employment by WW1 and WW2

40
Q

in 1968 how many teachers were women?

A

68%

41
Q

how does the TDA 2006 criticise radical feminists

A

primary schools has been feminised by the lack of teachers who are men. They argue there are not role models for boys and women teachers struggle to impose discipline.

42
Q

How does Sewell criticise radical feminists

A

education has become feminised and does not celebrate ‘masculine’ traits such as competitiveness and leadership.

43
Q

what is the second radical feminists argument

A

sexism within education

44
Q

who is the evidence for sexism within education?

A

Ellen Powell

45
Q

what did Powell argue

A

schools and teachers label girls as sexual objects. For example, monitoring colourful bras and skirt length to avoid it “distracting” men and boys blames girls for their objectification.

46
Q

what is the analysis for sexism in education

A

Ofsted 2021 - 92% of girls report that sexist name-calling was frequent
- 1/3 reported unwanted sexual touching
- 3/4 heard terms like ‘slut’ and ‘slag’ used frequently

47
Q

what is the goal of Marxist feminists

A

get rid of patriarchy and capitalism - patriarchal capitalism

48
Q

what is the method marxist feminism

A

the political organisation of working-class women as a social class to overthrow both capitalism and patriarchy

49
Q

what is the first part of the narrative history for marxism

A

lower class women had greater equality under feudalism with capitalism seeing women facing greater oppression

50
Q

what is the second part of narrative history of marxism

A

capitalism oppresses and exploits women both in terms of gender and class

51
Q

what is the third part of the narrative history for marxism

A

liberal feminism has won some gender equality but this is not equality if it doesn’t include working-class women.

52
Q

what is the marxist feminists main focus

A

intersectionality of gender and social class and gender

53
Q

who is the evidence for marxist feminists

A

Carol Fuller

54
Q

what did Carol Fuller say

A

working-class girls had ambitions to jobs like childcare and hair and beauty.
- reflects their working-class habitus and realistic expectations of their future as working-class women.

55
Q

How does Fuller analyse further ?

A

schools reinforce the gendered and classed experiences of working-class girls through work experience placements.
- allocating them positions in feminine, working-class areas like childcare and hair and beauty.

Education (12 decks)

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