Lab Unit 02: Head & Brain Flashcards
Masseter (Moore 922)
• Origin (PA): Inferior border and medial surface of maxillary process of zygomatic bone and the zygomatic arch.
• Insertion (DA): Angle and lateral surface of ramus of mandible.
• Nerve: CN V3 Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (via masseteric nerve).
• Action:
- Closing jaw by elevating mandible.
- Superficial fibers may make limited contribution to protrusion of mandible.
Temporalis – (Moore 922)
• Origin (PA):
Temporal fossa
+ temporal fascia.
• Insertion (DA):
Coronoid process
+ anterior border of ramus of mandible.
• Nerve: CN V3 Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (via deep temporal branches).
- Action:
- Closing jaw by elevating mandible.
- Posterior fibers are primary retractors of the mandible.
Medial Pterygoid – (Moore 992)
• Origin (PA):
Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate
+ pyramidal process of palatine bone
+ tuberosity of the maxilla.
• Insertion (DA): Medial surface of ramus of mandible.
• Nerve: CN V3 Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (via medial pterygoid nerve).
• Action:
- Elevates mandible
- Contributes to protrusion
- Alternate unilateral activity produces smaller grinding movements.
Lateral Pterygoid – (Moore 922)
• Origin (PA):
Infratemporal surface
+ crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid
+ lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
• DA:
- Superior: articular capsule and disk.
- Inferior: pterygoid fovea on neck of condyloid process of mandible.
• Nerve: CN V3 Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve (via lateral pterygoid nerve).
• Action:
- Inferior: Bilaterally: protracts mandible and depresses chin.
- Unilaterally: lateral deviation to the contralateral side.
- Alternate unilateral contraction produces larger lateral chewing movements.
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major (RCP Major) – (Moore 493, 494)
• Origin: SP C2. • Insertion: Lateral aspect of the inferior nuchal line. • Nerve: PR C1 (Suboccipital nerve). • Action: - Extends head - Ipsilateral rotation.
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor (RCP Minor) – (Moore 493, 494)
• Origin: Posterior tubercle of C1. • Insertion: Medial aspect of inferior nuchal line. • Nerve: PR C1 (Suboccipital nerve). • Action: - Extends head - Ipsilateral rotation.
Obliquus Capitis Superior – (Moore 493,494)
• Origin: TP C1. • Insertion: Between superior & inferior nuchal lines. • Nerve: PR C1 (Suboccipital nerve). • Action: - Extension of the head - Lateral flexion of the head.
Obliquus Capitis Inferior – (Moore 493, 494)
• Origin: Posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C2. • Insertion: TP C1. • Nerve: PR C1 (Suboccipital nerve). • Action: - Rotates atlas - Turns the head ipsilaterally.
Skull
- Maxilla
- Zygomatic bone
- Frontal bone
- Temporal bone
- Sphenoid bone
- Parietal bone
- Occipital bone
- Ethmoid bone
- Sutures
- Other Landmarks
Temporal bone
- Mastoid process
- Styloid process
- External acoustic meatus
- Mandibular fossa
- Zygomatic process
Sphenoid
• Sella turcica “turkish saddle”
Occipital bone
- Occipital condyle
- Foramen magnum
- Superior nuchal line
- Inferior nuchal line
- External occipital protuberance
Ethmoid bone
- Cribriform plate
* Crista galli
Sutures
- Coronal
- Sagittal
- Lambdoid
- Squamous
Other Landmarks on the skull
- Bregma
- Pterion
- Lambda
- Asterion
- Glabella
- Nasion
Temporomadibular Joint (TMJ)
• Mandible
- Ramus
- Angle
- Body
- Condylar process
- Coronoid process
- Mental foramen
- Mental protuberance
Foramina of Cranial Base – (Netter 13)
- Foramen of cribiform plate
- Optic canal
- Superior orbital fissure
- Foramen rotundum
- Foramen ovale
- Foramen spinosum
- Foramen lacerum
- Carotid canal
- Internal acoustic meatus
- Jugular foramen
- Hypoglossal canal
- Foramen magnum
Foramen of cribifrom plate
Olfactory nerve bundles
Optic canal
Optic nerve
Superior orbital fissure
CN III Occulomotor
CN IV Trochlear
CN V1 Ophthalmic division of Trigeminal nerve
CN VI Abducens
Foramen rotundum
CN V2 Maxillary division of Trigeminal nerve
Foramen ovale
CN V3 Mandibular division of Trigeminal nerve
Foramen spinosum
Middle meningeal artery & vein
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve
Foramen lacerum
Greater petrosal nerve
Carotid canal
Internal carotid artery
Internal acoustic meatus
CN VII Facial
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
Jugular foramen
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
CN X Vagus
CN XI Spinal Accessory
Internal jugular vein
Hypoglossal canal
CN XII Hypoglossal nerve
Foramne magnum
Medulla oblongata Meninges Vertebral arteries Meningeal branches of vertebral arteries Spinal roots of CN XI Spinal Accessory
Brain – General
- Corpus Callosum
- Substantia nigra
- Mammillary bodies
- Optic tract
- Optic chiasm
- Internal capsule
- Thalamus
- Hippocampus
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Superior colliculus
- Inferior colliculus
Corpus Callosum
- Genu
- Rostrum
- Trunk
- Splenium
Brain – General
- Corpus Callosum
- Substantia nigra
- Mammillary bodies
- Optic tract
- Optic chiasm
- Internal capsule
- Thalamus
- Hippocampus
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Superior colliculus
- Inferior colliculus
Corpus Callosum
- Genu
- Rostrum
- Trunk
- Splenium
Cerebral Hemispheres
- Sulci
- Gyri
- Lobes
- White matter
- Gray matter
Sulci
- Central sulcus
* Lateral sulcus
Gyri
- Pre-central gyrus
* Post-central gyrus
Lobes
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Temporal
- Occipital
Cerebellum
• Vermis
• Anterior lobe
• Posterior lobe
• Flocculonodular lobe
• Tonsil
• Cerebellar peduncle
(attachment site as a whole, NOT specific
peduncles)Pons
• Cerebellar peduncle
Medulla
- Olives
- Pyramids
- Decussation of pyramids
Ventricular Sysem
- Choroid plexus
- Lateral ventricles
- Interventricular foramen/Foramen of Monroe
- 3rd ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct
- 4th ventricle
- Median Aperture(Foramen of Magendie)
- Lateral Apertures(Foramen of Luschka)
- Superior sagittal sinus
- Transverse sagittal sinus
Flow of CSF through the ventricular system
CSF is secreted by choroidal epithelial cells of the choroid plexuses in the lateral, 3rd & 4th ventricles.
CSF leaves lateral ventricles
- -> interventricular foramina
- -> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct
- -> 4th ventricle
- -> single median aperture
- -> paired lateral apertures
- -> some CSF leaves 4th ventricle through subarachnoid space
- -> most CSF –> interpenduncular cisterns –> flows thorugh sulci + fissures on the medial and superolateral surfaces of subarachnoid space
Ventricular Sysem
- Lateral ventricles
- Interventricular foramen/Foramen of Monroe
- 3rd ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct
- 4th ventricle
- Lateral Aperture(Foramen of Luschka)
- Median Aperture(Foramen of Magendie)
- Choroid plexus
- Superior sagittal sinus
- Transverse sagittal sinus
Flow of CSF through the ventricular system
CSF leaves lateral ventricles –> interventricular foramina –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –>
Cricle of Willis
- Internal Carotid Arteries (ICA)
- Anterior Cerebral Arteries (ACA)
- Middle Cerebral Arteries (MCA)
- Anterior Communicating Artery
- Vertebral Arteries
- Basilar Artery
- Posterior Cerebral Arteries
- Posterior Communicating Arteries
Sub-occipital Triangle
Region of the neck bounded by the following three muscles of the suboccipital group of muscles:
• Rectus capitis posterior major - above and medially • Obliquus capitis superior - above and laterally • Obliquus capitis inferior - below and laterally
Impairments associated with Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVA)
May effect vision, cognition, or the motor function of parts of the body previously controlled by the now-damaged (ischemic area of the brain.
