Lab Test #3 Flashcards
Blood flow through the kidney?
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Interlobular veins
Arcuate veins
Interlobar veins
Renal vein
Filtrate flow through kidney?
Renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
descending limb
loop of henle
ascending limb
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
What are the normal parameters of urine color?
Normal urine color is a light yellow to amber
What does clear to light yellow urine mean?
this can be caused by alcohol or phosphate or carbonate
uncontrolled diabetes
What does yellow orange to dark green urine mean?
carrots, antibiotics, bilirubin from obstructive jaundice
what does red to red brown urine mean?
beets
laxatives
hemoglobin in urine
what does smokey red urine mean?
beets
anticonvulsants
unhemolyzed red blood cells from urinary tract
What does dark wine urine mean?
beets
antiinflammatory drugs
hemolytic jaundice
What does brown black urine mean?
Rhubarb
antidepressants
melanin pigment from melanoma
What does brown urine mean?
Rhubarb
Barbituates
anemia or liver infections
What does green urine mean?
green food dyes
diuretics
bacterial infection
What does a low pH mean? <4.5
high protein diet/cranberry juice
uncontrolled diabetes
What does a high pH mean? >8.0
Diet very rich in vegetables or dairy
severe anemia
What does a low specific gravity mean? <1.010
increased fluid intake
severe renal damage
What does high specific gravity mean? >1.025
decreased fluid intake, loss of fluids
uncontrolled diabetes or severe anemia
What is the importance of urinalysis as a diagnostic tool?
This is a very broad indicator of general health, different traces in urine can mean many different things.
What is urolithiasis?
This is the formation of urinary stones.
what is glycosuria?
Glucose present in the urine.
What is bilirubinuria?
Bile pigments and bilirubin are present in urine.
What is ketonuria?
ketone bodies present in urine.
What is hematuria?
The presence of ruptured RBCs in the urine.
What is proteinuria?
The presence of proteins in the urine.
What is albuminuria?
The presence of the protein albumin in the urine.
What is pyuria?
An elevated level of leukocytes in the urine.
What are the stages of urine production and the organs involved?
- Filtration - Occurs in the renal corpuscle removes water, sugar, amino acids, electrolytes, etc.. by moving fluid out of blood into bowmans capsule
- Reabsorption - This happens as the filtrate moves through the tubules, glucose and amino acids are absorbed back into bloodstream.
- Secretion - Final stage, occurs in the renal tubules, ammonia, uric acid, and other waste is added to filtrate from the bloodstream
What is glomerular filtration?
The rate that blood is filtered through the glomerulus.
what is capillary hydrostatic pressure?
This is the pressure that the blood exerts against the sides of the vessel, pushing it out.
What is the capillary oncotic pressure?
This is what pulls water into blood vessels. This is due to the presence of nondiffusable proteins in the vessel. They cant pass through the membrane making solute concentration high inside the blood vessel, making the water move into the vessel by osmosis.
What is osmosis?
A movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
How do you calculate minute volume?
multiply the number of breaths per minute by the tidal volume. (total amount of air inspired and expired per minute)
What is tidal volume?
regular breath (500ml)
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
the reserve with maximum inspiration. typically 3000 ml (VC - (ERV + TV))
What is expiratory reserve volume?
maximal amount of air exhaled after normal respiration
What is residual volume?
leftover air after maximum expiration
What is inspiratory capacity?
Total amount of air that can be inhaled. (3500 mL)
Vital capacity?
total amount of air that can be forced out of lungs after maximum inspiration. (4600 ml)
What is total lung capacity?
The total amount of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation, INCLUDING RESIDUAL VOLUME
What are the ranges for ABG interpritation? (pH, PCo2 and HCO3)
pH - 7.35 - 7.45 lower acidotic, higher alkalotic
PCO2 - 35 - 45 lower alkalosis and higher acidosis
HCO3 - 22 - 26 lower acidosis and higher alkalosis
What are the muscles of respiration?
Inspiration - Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, external intercostals, diaphragm
Expiration - internal intercostals, abdominal muscles
