Lab Test #3

Question 1

Blood flow through the kidney?

Answer 1

Renal artery

Segmental artery

Interlobar artery

Arcuate artery

Interlobular artery

Afferent arteriole

Glomerulus

Efferent arteriole

Peritubular capillaries

Interlobular veins

Arcuate veins

Interlobar veins

Renal vein

Question 2

Filtrate flow through kidney?

Answer 2

Renal corpuscle

proximal convoluted tubule

descending limb

loop of henle

ascending limb

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

Question 3

What are the normal parameters of urine color?

Answer 3

Normal urine color is a light yellow to amber

Question 4

What does clear to light yellow urine mean?

Answer 4

this can be caused by alcohol or phosphate or carbonate

uncontrolled diabetes

Question 5

What does yellow orange to dark green urine mean?

Answer 5

carrots, antibiotics, bilirubin from obstructive jaundice

Question 6

what does red to red brown urine mean?

Answer 6

beets
laxatives
hemoglobin in urine

Question 7

what does smokey red urine mean?

Answer 7

beets
anticonvulsants
unhemolyzed red blood cells from urinary tract

Question 8

What does dark wine urine mean?

Answer 8

beets
antiinflammatory drugs
hemolytic jaundice

Question 9

What does brown black urine mean?

Answer 9

Rhubarb
antidepressants
melanin pigment from melanoma

Question 10

What does brown urine mean?

Answer 10

Rhubarb
Barbituates
anemia or liver infections

Question 11

What does green urine mean?

Answer 11

green food dyes
diuretics
bacterial infection

Question 12

What does a low pH mean? <4.5

Answer 12

high protein diet/cranberry juice

uncontrolled diabetes

Question 13

What does a high pH mean? >8.0

Answer 13

Diet very rich in vegetables or dairy

severe anemia

Question 14

What does a low specific gravity mean? <1.010

Answer 14

increased fluid intake

severe renal damage

Question 15

What does high specific gravity mean? >1.025

Answer 15

decreased fluid intake, loss of fluids

uncontrolled diabetes or severe anemia

Question 16

What is the importance of urinalysis as a diagnostic tool?

Answer 16

This is a very broad indicator of general health, different traces in urine can mean many different things.

Question 17

What is urolithiasis?

Answer 17

This is the formation of urinary stones.

Question 18

what is glycosuria?

Answer 18

Glucose present in the urine.

Question 19

What is bilirubinuria?

Answer 19

Bile pigments and bilirubin are present in urine.

Question 20

What is ketonuria?

Answer 20

ketone bodies present in urine.

Question 21

What is hematuria?

Answer 21

The presence of ruptured RBCs in the urine.

Question 22

What is proteinuria?

Answer 22

The presence of proteins in the urine.

Question 23

What is albuminuria?

Answer 23

The presence of the protein albumin in the urine.

Question 24

What is pyuria?

Answer 24

An elevated level of leukocytes in the urine.

Question 25

What are the stages of urine production and the organs involved?

Answer 25

1. Filtration - Occurs in the renal corpuscle removes water, sugar, amino acids, electrolytes, etc.. by moving fluid out of blood into bowmans capsule
2. Reabsorption - This happens as the filtrate moves through the tubules, glucose and amino acids are absorbed back into bloodstream.
3. Secretion - Final stage, occurs in the renal tubules, ammonia, uric acid, and other waste is added to filtrate from the bloodstream

Question 26

What is glomerular filtration?

Answer 26

The rate that blood is filtered through the glomerulus.

Question 27

what is capillary hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 27

This is the pressure that the blood exerts against the sides of the vessel, pushing it out.

Question 28

What is the capillary oncotic pressure?

Answer 28

This is what pulls water into blood vessels. This is due to the presence of nondiffusable proteins in the vessel. They cant pass through the membrane making solute concentration high inside the blood vessel, making the water move into the vessel by osmosis.

Question 29

What is osmosis?

Answer 29

A movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

Question 30

How do you calculate minute volume?

Answer 30

multiply the number of breaths per minute by the tidal volume. (total amount of air inspired and expired per minute)

Question 31

What is tidal volume?

Answer 31

regular breath (500ml)

Question 32

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 32

the reserve with maximum inspiration. typically 3000 ml (VC - (ERV + TV))

Question 33

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 33

maximal amount of air exhaled after normal respiration

Question 34

What is residual volume?

Answer 34

leftover air after maximum expiration

Question 35

What is inspiratory capacity?

Answer 35

Total amount of air that can be inhaled. (3500 mL)

Question 36

Vital capacity?

Answer 36

total amount of air that can be forced out of lungs after maximum inspiration. (4600 ml)

Question 37

What is total lung capacity?

Answer 37

The total amount of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation, INCLUDING RESIDUAL VOLUME

Question 38

What are the ranges for ABG interpritation? (pH, PCo2 and HCO3)

Answer 38

pH - 7.35 - 7.45 lower acidotic, higher alkalotic

PCO2 - 35 - 45 lower alkalosis and higher acidosis

HCO3 - 22 - 26 lower acidosis and higher alkalosis

Question 39

What are the muscles of respiration?

Answer 39

Inspiration - Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, external intercostals, diaphragm

Expiration - internal intercostals, abdominal muscles