Lab Test #2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia

A

A reduction in number of circulating blood cells per cubic mm, the amount of
hemoglobin per 100ml or volume of packed red cells per 100ml of blood. It exists when
hemoglobin content is less than that required to provide oxygen demands of the body.

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2
Q

Autologous

A

Pertaining to a tissue or substance occurring naturally and derived from the same
individual. EX: donated blood by a patient before surgery to be returned to the patient during
or after surgery.

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3
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance inducing a state of sensitivity, resistance to infection, or toxic
substances after a latent period. A substance that stimulates a specific immune system
response.

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4
Q

Antibody

A

Protein found in the plasma that is responsible for humoral immunity, binds
specifically to an antigen.

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5
Q

Cancer

A

A neoplasm characterized by uncontrolled growth of anaplasia cells, causing invasion of
surrounding tissue and metastasis to distant sites.

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6
Q

Genotype-

A

The genetic makeup of an individual.

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7
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Immunity due to presence of antibodies found in serum

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8
Q

Immunity

A

Resistance to infections disease and harmful substances.

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9
Q

Leukocytosis

A

A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood- May indicate an
infectious process.

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10
Q

Leukopenia

A
  • A decrease in the number of leukocytes found in blood. This condition may be
    caused by radiation or pathologic conditions.
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11
Q

Leukemia

A

A broad term given to a group of malignant diseases characterized by diffuse
replacement of bone marrow with proliferating leukocyte precursors, abnormal numbers and
forms of immature white cells in circulation and infiltration of lymph nodes, spleen and liver.

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12
Q

Metastasis

A
  • The process by which tumor cells spread to distant parts of the body. Because
    malignant tumors have no enclosing capsule, cells may escape. Become emboli and can be
    transported by the lymphatic circulation or the blood to implant in the lymph nodes and other
    organs far from the primary tumor.
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13
Q

Neutropenia

A

A reduction in the number of granulocytes( neutrophils) found in the blood. It is
associated with leukemia. Affected persons are extremely susceptible to infection which may
be severe enough to cause death.

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14
Q

Pancytopenia

A

A marked reduction in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets.

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

Characteristic observed in individuals due to expression of the genotype. EX: hair or
eye color.

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16
Q

Sensitization-

A

An acquired reaction in which specific antibodies develop in response to an
antigen.

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17
Q

Serum

A

Fluid portion of the blood after removal of fibrin and blood cells.

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18
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A
  • A reduction in the number of platelets. It is the most common cause of
    bleeding disorders.
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19
Q

What are the types of WBCS?

A

Granulocytes - NEUTROPHILS - most common, first responders, have a three to five lobed nucleus. EOSINOPHILS - typically have two lobed nucleus, have eosin orange stained granules in cytoplasm. BASOPHILS - least common, contain histamine, cant see nucleus but can see little dots of red in granules.

Agranulocytes - Lymphocytes - have a large unlobed nucleus, cytoplasm may appear as a blue halo, have many antibodies for many antigens T and B cells. MONOCYTES - very large, have a kydney bean or horeshoe shaped nucleus, activated by T cells

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20
Q

What are the antigens and antibodies with ABO blood types?

A

the blood cells have surface antigens or agglutinogens that tell certain antibodies to attack them. A - have A antigens and anti B antibodies. B- have B antigens and anti-a antibodies. O have no antigens so have both A and B antibodies. AB has A and B antigens therefore no antibodies

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21
Q

what is Rh antigen and its relation to blood types?

A

this is a protein antigen that can be found on RBCs as well.
People who have the antigen are Rh positive and those who don’t are Rh negative.
antibodies to this protein can be produced if someone who is negative is transfused with someone with positive blood.

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22
Q

Universal donor and recipient?

A

Donor - O

Recipient - AB

23
Q

What is hemoglobin??

A

a molecule that has an iron contianing heme group and the protein globin.

24
Q

What is hematoctit and the normal ranges for males and females?

A

(Packed Cell Volume) the percentage of red blood cells in the total cell volume.

38-48% females
44-54% males

25
Q

Normal serum ranges for RBC, WBC, and platelets?

A

WBC - 3.9-11.1 thousand per cubic millimeter

RBC - 4.20-5.70 million per cubic millimeter

Platelet - 140-390 thousand per cubic millimeter

26
Q

What is the function of the atrioventricular valves of the heart?

A

These prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atria when the ventricles contract. also allow blood into the ventricles during atrial contraction. (Right- Tricuspid and Left - Bicuspid or mitral)

27
Q

What is the role of the semilunar valves in the heart?

A

These valves prevent the backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary trunk to the left and right ventricles during ventricular relaxation, and also allow blood into aorta and pulmonary trunk during ventricular contracton. (pulmonary and aortic)

28
Q

What is the path of impulse conduction in the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node ——- Atrioventricular (AV) Node ———Atrioventricular (AV) bundle ——- Left and Right Bundle Branches —– Purkinje Fibers

29
Q

What is the P wave?

A

Also called a deflection wave, this represents atrial depolarization.

30
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

This represents ventricular depolarization. (atrial repolarization is masked by the massive wave)

31
Q

What is the T wave?

A

This represents ventricular repolarization.

32
Q

What ions are moving into the cells during the pacemaker potential?

A

sodium ions are slowly leaking through non-gated channels

33
Q

What ions are moving into the cell during depolarization?

A

fast sodium and slow calcium

34
Q

What ion is moving into the cell during the plateau phase

A

slow calcium this is at 0mv

35
Q

What ion is moving into cell during repolarization?

36
Q

Why are the walls of the left ventricle thicker than that of the right ventricle?

A

The left ventricle is under a lot more pressure and requires greater force to contract blood to the entire body, rather than just the lungs.

37
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart called?

A

The Sinoatrial Node. (SA Node)

38
Q

What is Diastole and Systole?

A

Diastole is the relaxation of the heart muscle and systole is the contraction of the heart muscle.

39
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of heart beats per minute.

40
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped per heart beat.

41
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

42
Q

What are the valves doing during systole?

A

The semilunar valves are opening.

43
Q

What are the valves doing during diastole?

A

The valves are closed allowing blood to fill the atria until the atria contact (AV valves open)

44
Q

What does the ANS have to do with vasculature?

A

The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate.

45
Q

What are the effects of compliance?

A

If something is more compliant it means that when the pressure changes the volume increase is greater, and it comes back to its original state easier. (arteries are more compliant that veins)

When compliance is increased, the vessel stretches easier, which makes systolic pressure less, when the vessel snaps back to original shape because of compliance the energy from that goes into the veins increasing diastolic pressure. THIS DECREASES PULSE PRESSURE

46
Q

PNS stimulation?

A

PNS decreases the heart rate.

47
Q

SNS stimulation?

A

SNS increases the heart rate.

48
Q

Blood pressure and blood viscosity relations to circulation?

A

The thicker the blood is the more work the heart has to do to circulate blood, meaning higher blood pressure, and worse circulation.

49
Q

What is preload?

A

This is the diastolic pressure in the ventricles just before contraction. This stretches the muscle fibers before they contract. (The volume entering the ventricles)

50
Q

What is afterload?

A

This is the pressure against which the ventricles contract, or the resistance they contract against during systole. (tension developed by the heart during contraction)

51
Q

What is the systolic blood pressure?

A

the pressure during contraction of the left ventricle.

52
Q

What is the diastolic blood pressure?

A

The pressure when the heart is resting.

53
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

The average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle. If this is low then the organs of the body aren’t receiving enough blood pressure.

54
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

This the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. This represents the range of pressure in the arteries.