Lab Test 1 Flashcards
Used to detect the presence of reducing sugars, including monosaccharides and some disaccharides
Benedict’s test
Used to detect the presence of the polysaccharide starch
Iodine test
What color is a positive iodine test
Blue-black
What color is a positive Benedict’s test
Brick red, orange and kind of yellow and green (negative is blue)
How do you test for lipids?
Sudan IV dye
What color will a positive Sudan IV test turn
Bright red
What test can be used to detect the presence of amino acids
Ninhydrin
What color will a positive ninhydrin test turn
Purple or yellow
What test is used to detect polypeptides and proteins
Biuret test
What color is a positive biuret test
Pink or purple
What four groups of lipids are there
Neutral lipids
Phospholipids
Steroids
Other lipid substances
What are the building blocks of neutral lipids
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What are the building blocks of phospholipids
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
Lipids are ________ in water
Insoluble
Formed within or outside a biological system and may or may not contain carbon
Inorganic molecules
Contain carbon and are made up by biological systems
Organic molecules
Four types of organic molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
What does saccharide means
Sugar
How many carbons long are most monosaccharides
3-7
Formed when two monosaccharides are joined together with the elimination of a water molecule
Disaccharide
Dehydration condensation synthesis
Major storage form of carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Starch in plants
Glycogen in animals
How can you break down polysaccharides
Hydrolysis
Phosphate is ______
Hydrophilic and polar
4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings that are insoluble in water
Steroids
Fat soluble vitamins
A, E, K
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
How many naturally occurring amino acids are there
20
Amino acids are linked together by
Peptide bonds
Ocular lens magnifies 10x and objective lens magnifies 40x =?
10x x 40x = 400 total magnification
What are the layers of the epidermis
Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum Stratum corneum
What makes up the stratum germinativum
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
The deepest layer, composed of a single layer of cells
Stratum basale
Consists of serval layers of keratinocytes that appear prickly or spiny
Stratum spinosum
Consists of three to five layers of cells that appear granular and darker in color
Stratum granulosum
Present only in thick skin, which is located on the hand and foot
Stratum lucidum
Consists of multiple layers (20-30) of dead, scaly interlocking keratinocytes
Stratum corneum
Spiky hemispheres, that in conjunction with sensory nerve endings form sensitive touch receptors
(Tactile) Merkel cells
10% to 25% of cells in this layer are melanocytes
Stratum basale
These cells are constantly underlying mitotic cell division
Stratum basale
Which two layers receive nourishment from the dermis
Stratum basale and stratum spinosum
At the upper border of this layer the cells are beginning to die
Stratum granulosum
These produce the fingerprints
Dermal papillae
Which sweat glands are predominantly in the axillary and genitalia areas
Apocrine glands
Parts of the dermis
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Paired organelles that are used to organize the spindle microtubules that attach to chromosomes during mitosis
Centrioles
Genetic material within the nucleus
Chromatin
Includes cellular organelles and cytosine that contains enzymes that mediate cytosic reactions
Cytoplasm
Site of lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and alcohol
ER
A stack of flattened membranes that receive proteins from the rough ER and then modify, package and sort them for delivery
Golgi apparatus
Membrane enclosed sacs that contain digestive enzymes that breakdown intracellular debris
Lysosomes
Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes
Nucleolus
Contains the cells genetic material
Nucleus
Sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
The period during which the cell grows and carries out it’s usual activities
Interphase
When the cell reproduces itself by diving
Cell division
Stages of mitosis
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Loose chromatic is visible within the nucleus of the cell
Interphase
Chromosomes become visible as the chromatin coils
Prophase
Chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell
Metaphase
Chromosomes are being pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase
Chromosomes are located almost entirely at the opposite ends of the cell
Telophase
Produces 2 daughter nuclei genetically identical to the mother nucleus
Mitosis
Yields four daughter nuclei that are genetically different from the mother nucleus
Meosis
The cell provides energy to power the transport process
Active transport
Driven by concentration or pressure differences
Passive transport
Substance moves from higher to lower concentration and does not require energy
Diffusion
Water moving from a lesser to greater solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
Refers to relative spilts concentration of two fluids
Tonicity
Having more solutes; cells loses water and shrivels
Hypertonic
Having the same amount of solutes; normal size
Isotonic
Having fewer solutes; cells are bloated from water
Hypertonic
