Lab sheets practice for final lecture exam Flashcards
The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes ______ wastes.
Nitrogenous
The kidney maintains the ________, acid-base, and fluid balance of the blood.
electrolyte
Urine is continuously formed by the _____.
Kidneys
Urine is routed down the _____ by mechanism of ____ to a storage organ.
Ureters, peristalsis
Eventually, urine is conducted to the body ______ by urethra.
Exterior
In the male, the urethra is ____ centimeters long, and in the female it is _____ long.
8CM in male
1.5 Cm in female
In the male, the urethra transports both semen and urine.
T/F?
True
Voiding or emptying the bladder is called _______.
Micturition
The voluntary sphincter is the _______ sphincter.
External urethral sphincter
What is the function of the fat cushion that surrounds the kidneys in life?
It helps attach kidneys to the dorsal wall
What is ptosis?
When one or both kidneys drop to an inferior position
What is the smooth membrane tightly adherent to the kidney surface?
Fibrous capsule
What is the portion of the kidney containing mostly collecting ducts?
Medulla
What is the portion of the kidney containing the bulk of nephron structures?
Cortex
What is the superficial region of the kidney tissue?
Cortex
What is the basin like area of the kidney continuous with the ureter?
Renal pelvis
What is the cup shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid?
Minor calyx
What is the area of cortisol tissue running between the medullary pyramids?
Renal column
What is the site of filtrate formation?
Glomerulus
What is the primary site of tubular reabsorption?
Proximal convoluted tubule
What is the secondarily important site of tubular reabsorption?
Secondarily important site of tubular reabsorption
What is the structure that conveys the processed filtrate (urine) to the renal pelvis.
Collecting duct
What is the blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells?
Peritubular capillaries
What is the inner visceral membrane that forms part of the filtration membrane?
Glomerular capsule
The higher the pressure of the capillary the _____ filtrate that is produced.
more
What structural modification of certain tubular cells enhances their ability to reabsorb substances in the filtrate?
Dense microvilli
What is the mechanism of tubular secretion?
The process of moving substance to peritubular capillary blood or from tubule cells to tubule filtrate.
What is the function of tubular secretion in the urine formation process?
It maintains pH and helps eliminate more waste
What is the difference between blood plasma and glomerular filtrate?
Glomerular filtrate is very similar, except it doesn’t have blood proteins
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Granular juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa cells that aid regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure
What is important functionally about the specialized epithelium (transitional epithelium) in the bladder?
It allows the bladder to stretch for different volumes
What is the process of synapsis?
Chromosomes align the entire lengths
How does crossover introduce variability in the daughter cells?
Chromosomes break and exchange pieces
What are homologous chromosomes?
Chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits
Why are spermatids not functional gametes?
They are immotile and excess cytoplasm hasn’t been removed
What is spermatogenesis?
The formation of gametes
What is spermiogenesis?
Process that makes sperm motile and functional by removing excess cytoplasm
By the time a child is born, all viable oogonia have been converted to ______________.
Primary oocytes
How does the total germ cell potential of the female compare to that of a male?
It is much smaller, and the number is predetermined
The female gametes develop in structures called follicles, what is a follicle?
A structure that contains an oocyte by capsule of a follicle.
How are primary and vesicular follicles different?
Primary has fewer layers of follicle cells
Vesicular has several layers of granulose cells and a large fluid filled antrum
What is the major hormone produced by the vesicular follicle?
Estrogen
What cell type forms the part of the primary follicle in the ovary?
Primary oocyte
What type of cell is in the uterine tube prior to fertilization?
Secondary oocyte
What cell is in the mature vesicular follicle of the ovary?
Secondary oocyte
What cell is in the uterine type shortly after sperm penetration?
Ovum
The cellular product of spermatogenesis is four ________.
spermatids
The final product of oogenesis is one _____ and three _____ _______.
ovum; polar bodies
What is the function of the unequal cytoplasmic division seen during oogenesis in the female?
To provide nutrition to the ovum so it doesn’t become malnourished prior to reaching the uterus
What is the fate of three tiny cells produced during oogenesis?
Deterioration
What hormone is produced by follicles in the ovary?
FSH
What hormone after it’s burst like release, ovulation occurs?
LH
What two hormones exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion?
Estrogen and progesterone
What hormone stimulates LH release by the anterior pituitary?
estrogen
What hormone stimulates the corpus lute to produce progesterone and estrogen?
LH
What hormone maintains the hormonal production of the corpus lute in a non pregnant woman?
LH
Why does the corpus lute deteriorate toward the end of the ovarian cycle?
Blood levels of LH are too low
Amount of LH in the blood during menses is _______ than the amount of LH in the blood at ovulation.
Less than
Amount of FSH in the blood on day six of the cycle is ______ than the amount of FSH in the blood on day 20.
Greater
The amount of estrogen in the blood during menses is ____ than the amount of estrogen in the blood at ovulation.
Less
The amount of progesterone in the blood on day 14 is ______ than the amount of progesterone in the blood on day 23.
less
The amount of estrogen in the blood on day 10 is ______ than the amount of progesterone in the blood on day 10.
Greater
What uterine tissue undergoes dramatic changes during the menstrual cycle?
Endometrium
When during the female menstrual cycle would fertilization be unlikely?
Any time except days 14-16 when she is ovulating
When does menstruation occur?
days 1-5
When does proliferative cycle stage occur?
Days 6-14
When does secretory stage occur?
Days 15-28
What occurs during the menstrual stage?
Endometrium sheds, primary follicle grows
What occurs during the proliferative cycle stage?
Endometrium repairs and thickens, vesicular follicle created, estrogen is secreted, and ovulation occurs at the end of this phase
What occurs during the secretory stage of the menstrual cycle?
Vascular supply increases, glands secrete, and corpus luteum is formed.
progesterone is also produced.
What are the two principal functions of the testis?
To produce sperm and testosterone
How is a prostate exam accomplished?
Through the portion of the rectum along the anterior wall
How might enlargement of the prostate interfere with urination or reproductive ability?
It might constrict urethra reducing the ability for sperm and urine to flow through.
What is the muscular passageway conveying sperm to the ejaculatory duct; in the spermatic cord.
ductus deferens
What transports both sperm and urine?
Spongey urethra
What is the portion of the urethra between the prostate and the penis?
membranous urethra
What empties a secretion into the prostatic urethra?
prostate gland
What empties a secretion into the membranous urethra?
bulbourethral gland
What structures compose the spermatic cord?
Ductus deferens, connective tissue sheath, and blood vessels
Where is the spermatic cord located?
from the scrotal sac to inguinal canal to abdominal cavity
What is the pathway of sperm from the testes to the urethra
seminiferous tubule—rete testis—epididymus—ductus deferens
Where is the egg typically fertilized?
fallopian (uterine) tubes
Does sperm enter the pelvic cavity of the female?
yes
When uterine tubes are blocked or the egg is trapped in the peritoneal cavity, what can occur?
ectopic pregnancy
Trace the pathway of sperm through the female reproductive tract.
vagina–cervix–uterus—uterine tube–peritoneal cavity
The testis is divided into a number of lobes by connective tissue. Each of these lobes contains one to four _____ _______.
seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the _____ _____.
Rete testis
Which layer of the uterine wall contracts during childbirth?
myometrium
What are the functions of the stereocilia exhibited by the epithelial cells of the mucosa and the epididymus?
To absorb fluid and provide nutrition to the maturing sperm.
What glands produce milk during lactation?
Alveoli
What are the subdivisions of mammary lobes that contain alveoli?
lobule
What are the enlarged storage chambers for milk?
lactiferous sinus
What are the ducts connecting alveoli to the storage chambers?
lactiferous ducts
What releases milk to the outsidE?
nipple
