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Carrington Bio26 > Lab sheets practice for final lecture exam > Flashcards

Lab sheets practice for final lecture exam Flashcards

1
Q

The kidney is referred to as an excretory organ because it excretes ______ wastes.

A

Nitrogenous

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2
Q

The kidney maintains the ________, acid-base, and fluid balance of the blood.

A

electrolyte

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3
Q

Urine is continuously formed by the _____.

A

Kidneys

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4
Q

Urine is routed down the _____ by mechanism of ____ to a storage organ.

A

Ureters, peristalsis

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5
Q

Eventually, urine is conducted to the body ______ by urethra.

A

Exterior

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6
Q

In the male, the urethra is ____ centimeters long, and in the female it is _____ long.

A

8CM in male

1.5 Cm in female

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7
Q

In the male, the urethra transports both semen and urine.

T/F?

A

True

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8
Q

Voiding or emptying the bladder is called _______.

A

Micturition

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9
Q

The voluntary sphincter is the _______ sphincter.

A

External urethral sphincter

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10
Q

What is the function of the fat cushion that surrounds the kidneys in life?

A

It helps attach kidneys to the dorsal wall

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11
Q

What is ptosis?

A

When one or both kidneys drop to an inferior position

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12
Q

What is the smooth membrane tightly adherent to the kidney surface?

A

Fibrous capsule

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13
Q

What is the portion of the kidney containing mostly collecting ducts?

A

Medulla

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14
Q

What is the portion of the kidney containing the bulk of nephron structures?

A

Cortex

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15
Q

What is the superficial region of the kidney tissue?

A

Cortex

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16
Q

What is the basin like area of the kidney continuous with the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

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17
Q

What is the cup shaped extension of the pelvis that encircles the apex of a pyramid?

A

Minor calyx

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18
Q

What is the area of cortisol tissue running between the medullary pyramids?

A

Renal column

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19
Q

What is the site of filtrate formation?

A

Glomerulus

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20
Q

What is the primary site of tubular reabsorption?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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21
Q

What is the secondarily important site of tubular reabsorption?

A

Secondarily important site of tubular reabsorption

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22
Q

What is the structure that conveys the processed filtrate (urine) to the renal pelvis.

A

Collecting duct

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23
Q

What is the blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells?

A

Peritubular capillaries

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24
Q

What is the inner visceral membrane that forms part of the filtration membrane?

A

Glomerular capsule

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25
Q

The higher the pressure of the capillary the _____ filtrate that is produced.

A

more

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26
Q

What structural modification of certain tubular cells enhances their ability to reabsorb substances in the filtrate?

A

Dense microvilli

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27
Q

What is the mechanism of tubular secretion?

A

The process of moving substance to peritubular capillary blood or from tubule cells to tubule filtrate.

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28
Q

What is the function of tubular secretion in the urine formation process?

A

It maintains pH and helps eliminate more waste

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29
Q

What is the difference between blood plasma and glomerular filtrate?

A

Glomerular filtrate is very similar, except it doesn’t have blood proteins

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30
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Granular juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa cells that aid regulation of filtrate formation and blood pressure

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31
Q

What is important functionally about the specialized epithelium (transitional epithelium) in the bladder?

A

It allows the bladder to stretch for different volumes

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32
Q

What is the process of synapsis?

A

Chromosomes align the entire lengths

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33
Q

How does crossover introduce variability in the daughter cells?

A

Chromosomes break and exchange pieces

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34
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits

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35
Q

Why are spermatids not functional gametes?

A

They are immotile and excess cytoplasm hasn’t been removed

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36
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The formation of gametes

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37
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Process that makes sperm motile and functional by removing excess cytoplasm

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38
Q

By the time a child is born, all viable oogonia have been converted to ______________.

A

Primary oocytes

39
Q

How does the total germ cell potential of the female compare to that of a male?

A

It is much smaller, and the number is predetermined

40
Q

The female gametes develop in structures called follicles, what is a follicle?

A

A structure that contains an oocyte by capsule of a follicle.

41
Q

How are primary and vesicular follicles different?

A

Primary has fewer layers of follicle cells

Vesicular has several layers of granulose cells and a large fluid filled antrum

42
Q

What is the major hormone produced by the vesicular follicle?

A

Estrogen

43
Q

What cell type forms the part of the primary follicle in the ovary?

A

Primary oocyte

44
Q

What type of cell is in the uterine tube prior to fertilization?

A

Secondary oocyte

45
Q

What cell is in the mature vesicular follicle of the ovary?

A

Secondary oocyte

46
Q

What cell is in the uterine type shortly after sperm penetration?

A

Ovum

47
Q

The cellular product of spermatogenesis is four ________.

A

spermatids

48
Q

The final product of oogenesis is one _____ and three _____ _______.

A

ovum; polar bodies

49
Q

What is the function of the unequal cytoplasmic division seen during oogenesis in the female?

A

To provide nutrition to the ovum so it doesn’t become malnourished prior to reaching the uterus

50
Q

What is the fate of three tiny cells produced during oogenesis?

A

Deterioration

51
Q

What hormone is produced by follicles in the ovary?

A

FSH

52
Q

What hormone after it’s burst like release, ovulation occurs?

A

LH

53
Q

What two hormones exert negative feedback on the anterior pituitary relative to FSH secretion?

A

Estrogen and progesterone

54
Q

What hormone stimulates LH release by the anterior pituitary?

A

estrogen

55
Q

What hormone stimulates the corpus lute to produce progesterone and estrogen?

A

LH

56
Q

What hormone maintains the hormonal production of the corpus lute in a non pregnant woman?

A

LH

57
Q

Why does the corpus lute deteriorate toward the end of the ovarian cycle?

A

Blood levels of LH are too low

58
Q

Amount of LH in the blood during menses is _______ than the amount of LH in the blood at ovulation.

A

Less than

59
Q

Amount of FSH in the blood on day six of the cycle is ______ than the amount of FSH in the blood on day 20.

A

Greater

60
Q

The amount of estrogen in the blood during menses is ____ than the amount of estrogen in the blood at ovulation.

A

Less

61
Q

The amount of progesterone in the blood on day 14 is ______ than the amount of progesterone in the blood on day 23.

A

less

62
Q

The amount of estrogen in the blood on day 10 is ______ than the amount of progesterone in the blood on day 10.

A

Greater

63
Q

What uterine tissue undergoes dramatic changes during the menstrual cycle?

A

Endometrium

64
Q

When during the female menstrual cycle would fertilization be unlikely?

A

Any time except days 14-16 when she is ovulating

65
Q

When does menstruation occur?

A

days 1-5

66
Q

When does proliferative cycle stage occur?

A

Days 6-14

67
Q

When does secretory stage occur?

A

Days 15-28

68
Q

What occurs during the menstrual stage?

A

Endometrium sheds, primary follicle grows

69
Q

What occurs during the proliferative cycle stage?

A

Endometrium repairs and thickens, vesicular follicle created, estrogen is secreted, and ovulation occurs at the end of this phase

70
Q

What occurs during the secretory stage of the menstrual cycle?

A

Vascular supply increases, glands secrete, and corpus luteum is formed.
progesterone is also produced.

71
Q

What are the two principal functions of the testis?

A

To produce sperm and testosterone

72
Q

How is a prostate exam accomplished?

A

Through the portion of the rectum along the anterior wall

73
Q

How might enlargement of the prostate interfere with urination or reproductive ability?

A

It might constrict urethra reducing the ability for sperm and urine to flow through.

74
Q

What is the muscular passageway conveying sperm to the ejaculatory duct; in the spermatic cord.

A

ductus deferens

75
Q

What transports both sperm and urine?

A

Spongey urethra

76
Q

What is the portion of the urethra between the prostate and the penis?

A

membranous urethra

77
Q

What empties a secretion into the prostatic urethra?

A

prostate gland

78
Q

What empties a secretion into the membranous urethra?

A

bulbourethral gland

79
Q

What structures compose the spermatic cord?

A

Ductus deferens, connective tissue sheath, and blood vessels

80
Q

Where is the spermatic cord located?

A

from the scrotal sac to inguinal canal to abdominal cavity

81
Q

What is the pathway of sperm from the testes to the urethra

A

seminiferous tubule—rete testis—epididymus—ductus deferens

82
Q

Where is the egg typically fertilized?

A

fallopian (uterine) tubes

83
Q

Does sperm enter the pelvic cavity of the female?

A

yes

84
Q

When uterine tubes are blocked or the egg is trapped in the peritoneal cavity, what can occur?

A

ectopic pregnancy

85
Q

Trace the pathway of sperm through the female reproductive tract.

A

vagina–cervix–uterus—uterine tube–peritoneal cavity

86
Q

The testis is divided into a number of lobes by connective tissue. Each of these lobes contains one to four _____ _______.

A

seminiferous tubules

87
Q

Seminiferous tubules converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the _____ _____.

A

Rete testis

88
Q

Which layer of the uterine wall contracts during childbirth?

A

myometrium

89
Q

What are the functions of the stereocilia exhibited by the epithelial cells of the mucosa and the epididymus?

A

To absorb fluid and provide nutrition to the maturing sperm.

90
Q

What glands produce milk during lactation?

A

Alveoli

91
Q

What are the subdivisions of mammary lobes that contain alveoli?

A

lobule

92
Q

What are the enlarged storage chambers for milk?

A

lactiferous sinus

93
Q

What are the ducts connecting alveoli to the storage chambers?

A

lactiferous ducts

94
Q

What releases milk to the outsidE?

A

nipple

Carrington Bio26 (10 decks)

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