Lab Quiz 8 Material (03/27/2025) + Ch. 11 Muscle Tissue (FINAL)

Question 1

Muscle tissue is characterized by aggregates of specialized, elongated cells arranged in {…} array that have the primary role of {…}.

Answer 1

1) Parallel
2) Contraction

Question 2

This type of myofilament is primary composed of actin.

Answer 2

What is a thin filament?

Question 3

This type of myofilament is composed primarily of myosin II.

Answer 3

What is a thick filament?

Question 4

Each thin filament of fibrous actin (i.e., {…}) is a polymer primarily formed from globular actin molecules (i.e., {…}).

Answer 4

1) F-actin
2) G-actin

Question 5

Myofilaments occupy the bulk of the cytoplasm, which, in muscle cells, is called this.

Answer 5

What is sarcoplasm?

Question 6

This type of muscle has striations at the light microscope level.

Answer 6

What is striated muscle?

Question 7

This type of muscle does not have striations.

Answer 7

What is smooth muscle?

Question 8

This type of striated muscle is attached to bone and is responsible for movement of the axial and appendicular skeleton and maintenance of body position and posture. In addition, it provides precise eye movement via the extraocular muscles.

Answer 8

What is skeletal muscle?

Question 9

This type of striated muscle is morphologically identical to skeletal muscle but is restricted to the soft tissues, namely, the tongue, pharynx, lumbar part of the diaphragm, and upper part of the esophagus. These muscles play essential roles in speech, breathing, and swallowing.

Answer 9

What is visceral striated muscle?

Question 10

This type of striated muscle is a type of striated muscle found in the wall of the heart and in the base of the large veins that empty into the heart.

Answer 10

What is cardiac muscle?

Question 11

In skeletal muscle, each muscle cell, more commonly called a muscle {…}, is actually a multinucleated {…}. A muscle fiber is formed during development by the fusion of small, individual muscle cells called {…}.

Answer 11

1) Fiber
2) Syncytium
3) Myoblasts

Question 12

The nuclei of a skeletal muscle fiber are located in the cytoplasm immediately beneath the plasma membrane, also called the {…}, which consists of the plasma membrane of the muscle cell, its external lamina, and the surrounding reticular lamina.

Answer 12

Sarcolemma

Question 13

A skeletal muscle consists of striated muscle fibers held together by {…} tissue.

Answer 13

Connective

Question 14

This connective tissue is the delicate layer of reticular fibers that immediately surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Answer 14

What is endomysium?

Question 15

This connective tissue is a thicker connective tissue layer that surrounds a group of fibers to form a BUNDLE or FASCICLE.

Answer 15

What is perimysium?

Question 16

This connective tissue is the sheath of dense connective tissue that surrounds a collection of fascicles that constitutes the muscle.

Answer 16

What is epimysium?

Question 17

In gross anatomy, the epimysium is also referred to as this structure, which can surround not only individual muscles but also groups of muscles to form compartments.

Answer 17

What is the deep investing fascia?

Question 18

What are the 3 factors that characterize skeletal muscle?

Answer 18

1) Contractile speed
2) Enzymatic velocity
3) Metabolic profile

Question 19

The {…} profile indicates the capacity for ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation or glycolysis.

Answer 19

Metabolic

Question 20

Fibers characterized by {…} metabolism contain large amounts of myoglobin and an increased number of mitochondria, with their constituent cytochrome electron transport complexes.

Answer 20

Oxidative

Question 21

This is a small, globular, 17.8-kDa oxygen-binding protein that contains a ferrous form of iron (Fe+2). It resembles hemoglobin in the erythrocytes and is found in various amounts in muscle fibers.

Answer 21

What is myoglobin?

Question 22

Traumatic injuries to skeletal muscles (e.g., crash injuries) cause breakdown (rhabdomyolysis) and release of {…} from the injured muscle cells into the circulation.

Answer 22

Myoglobin

Question 23

The breakdown of skeletal muscles as a result of injury.

Answer 23

What is rhabdomyolysis?

Question 24

What renal tissue is a large amount of myoglobin toxic to?

Answer 24

The tubular epithelium

Question 25

What renal problem can rhabdomyolysis ultimately cause?

Answer 25

Acute renal failure

Question 26

List the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers that can be identified by color in vivo.

Answer 26

1) Red 2) White 3) Intermediate

Question 27

List the 3 oxidative enzymes in which the histochemical reactions of skeletal muscle fibers are based on.

Answer 27

1) Succinic dehydrogenase 2) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR) 3) Myosin ATPase

Question 28

Based on their enzymatic activity, these types of muscle fibers are small fibers that appear red in fresh specimens and contain many mitochondria and large amounts of myoglobin and cytochrome complexes. Their high levels of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes are demonstrated by their strong succinic dehydrogenase and NADH-TR histochemical staining reactions.

Answer 28

What are Type I (slow oxidative)?

Question 29

Type I (slow oxidative) fibers are {...}, {...} motor units.

Answer 29

1) Slow-twitch 2) Fatigue-resistant

Question 30

This muscle group of the back is adapted to the long, slow contraction needed to maintain an erect posture.

Answer 30

What are the erector spinae muscles?

Question 31

Based on their enzymatic activity, these skeletal muscle fibers are the intermediate fibers seen in fresh tissue. They are of medium size with many mitochondria and high myoglobin content.

Answer 31

What are Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic)?

Question 32

The myosin ATPase reaction velocity of Type IIa (fast oxidative glycolytic) fibers is high. They make up {...}, {...} motor units that generate high-peak muscle tension.

Answer 32

1) Fast-twitch 2) Fatigue-resistant

Question 33

Based on their enzymatic activity, these skeletal muscle fibers are large fibers that appear light pink in fresh specimens and contain less myoglobin and fewer mitochondria than type I and type IIa fibers. They have a low level of oxidative enzymes but exhibit high anaerobic enzyme activity and store a considerable amount of glycogen.

Answer 33

What are Type IIb (fast glycolytic)?

Question 34

Type IIb (fast glycolytic) fibers are {...}, {...} motor units and generate high-peak muscle tension.

Answer 34

1) Fast-twitch 2) Fatigue-prone

Question 35

Type IIb (fast glycolytic) fibers are adapted for rapid contraction and {...}, fine movements. They constitute most fibers of the {...} muscles and the muscles that control the movements of the {...}.

Answer 35

1) Precise 2) Extraocular 3) Digits

Question 36

Why do Type IIb (fast glycolytic) fibers allow for more precise control and movement?

Answer 36

They have a large number of neuromuscular junctions (greater than Type I fibers)

Question 37

Short-distance sprinters, weight lifters, and other field athletes have a high percentage of type {...} fibers.

Answer 37

IIb (fast glycolytic)