Lab Quiz 10 & 11 Material (04/10/2025 & 04/24/2025) Flashcards by Jordan Cole

This organ system consists of a pump, represented by the heart, and the blood vessels, which provide the route by which blood circulates to and from all parts of the body.

What is the cardiovascular system?

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What are the 3 key features of the cardiovascular system?

1) Heart
2) Blood vessels
3) Lymphatic vessels

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The blood {…} are arranged so that blood delivered from the heart quickly reaches a network of narrow, thin-walled vessels—the blood {…}—within or in proximity to the tissues in every part of the body.

1) Vessels
2) Capillaries

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The liquid extracellular material of the blood, called {…}, carries oxygen and metabolites and passes through the capillary wall.

Plasma

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The remaining fluid enters lymphatic capillaries as lymph and is ultimately returned to the bloodstream through a system of {…} vessels that join the blood system at the junction of the internal {…} veins with the {…} veins.

1) Lymphatic
2) Jugular
3) Subclavian

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Many of the white blood cells conveyed in the blood leave the blood vessels to enter the tissues this particular level of vessels.

What are the post-capillary venules?

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These are the vessels that deliver blood to the capillaries.

What are arteries?

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The smallest arteries, called {…}, are functionally associated with networks of capillaries into which they deliver blood.

Arterioles

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The arterioles, associated capillary network, and post-capillary venules come together to form this functional unit.

What is the microcirculatory (microvascular) bed?

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These vessels begin with the post-capillary venule and collect blood from the microvascular bed and carry it away.

What are veins?

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This circulation pathway conveys blood from the heart to the lungs and from the lungs to the heart.

What is pulmonary circulation?

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This circulation pathway conveys blood from the heart to other tissues of the body and from other tissues of the body to the heart.

What is systemic circulation?

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The heart lies in this space enclosed by the sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm, and lungs.

What is the middle mediastinum?

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The tough fibrous sac surrounding the heart from which the great vessels enter and leave the heart.

What is the pericardium?

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What are the 2 septa that separate the left and right sides of the heart?

Interatrial & interventricular septa

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This chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body via the inferior and superior venae cavae, the two largest veins of the body.

What is the right atrium?

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This chamber of the heart receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation via the pulmonary arteries.

What is the right ventricle?

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This chamber of the heart receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the four pulmonary veins.

What is the left atrium?

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This chamber of the heart receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta for distribution to the body.

What is the left ventricle?

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This heart structure consists of four fibrous rings surrounding the valve orifices, two fibrous trigones connecting the rings, and the membranous part of the interventricular and interatrial septa.

What is the fibrous skeleton?

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What tissues comprise the fibrous rings of the heart?

Dense irregular connective tissue

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What is the purpose of the fibrous rings?

To provide the attachment site for the leaflets of all four valves of the heart that allow blood flow in only one direction through the openings

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Which portion of the heart is devoid of cardiac muscle?

Membranous part of the interventricular septum

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What tissue does the membranous part of the interventricular septum consist of? What other structure will you find here?

Dense connective tissue, and you will find a short length of the AV bundle of the heart’s conduction system

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What are the 2 functions of the fibrous skeleton?

1) Provide independent attachments for the atrial and ventricular myocardium 2) Electrical insulation (i.e., preventing the free flow of electrical impulses between chambers)

What cells form the conducting system of the heart?

Modified cardiac muscle cells (Purkinje fibers)

This is the sudden cessation of normal heart rhythm leads to abrupt cessation of blood circulation; the conducting system of the heart fails to produce or conduct electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract and supply blood to the body.

What is cardiac arrest?

What is the result of untreated cardiac arrest?

Sudden cardiac death

List the 4 heart rhythm pathologies associated with cardiac arrest.

1) Tachycardia 2) Fibrillation 3) Bradycardia 4) Asystole

What does the coronary vasculature consist of?

2 coronary arteries & several cardiac veins

These two coronary vessels provide the arterial blood supply to the heart.

What are the left & right coronary arteries?

This layer of the heart wall adheres to the outer surface of the heart.

What is the epicardium?

What is another name for the epicardium?

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

The epicardium is reflected back at the great vessels entering and leaving the heart as this layer of the pericardium, which lines the inner surface of the pericardium that surrounds the heart and roots of great vessels.

What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

The space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium.

What is the pericardial cavity?

What cells line the pericardial cavity?

Mesothelial cells

A condition in which excess fluid (blood or pericardial effusion) rapidly accumulates in the pericardial cavity.

What is cardiac tamponade?

A procedure to drain the fluid from the pericardial cavity.

What is pericardiocentesis?

The principle component of the heart consisting of cardiac muscle.

What is myocardium?

This layer of the heart wall consists of an inner layer of endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue, a middle layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells, and a deeper layer of connective tissue.

What is endocardium?

What is the clinical name for the deeper layer of connective tissue under the endocardium?

Subendocardial layer

Which is thinner? The interventricular septum or the interatrial septum?

Interatrial septum

List the 3 distinct layers of each heart valve.

1) Fibrosa 2) Spongiosa 3) Ventricularis OR atrialis

Where will you find the ventricularis layer? 2 valves in particular.

Ventricular surface of aortic & pulmonary semilunar valves

Where will you find the atrialis layer? 2 valves in particular.

Atrial surface of mitral & tricuspid AV valves

The {...} is situated on the ventricular surface of AV valves and the arterial surface (facing the aorta or pulmonary trunk) of semilunar valves.

Fibrosa

In the AV valves, the fibrosa continues into these fibrous, thread-like cords covered with epithelium.

What are the chordae tendineae?

Chordae tendineae extend from the ventricular surfaces of the mitral and tricuspid valves into muscular projections from the wall of the ventricles called these.

What are papillary muscles?

The {...} comprises the middle layer of the valve leaflet.

Spongiosa

What is the purpose of the spongiosa?

To act as a shock absorber, dampening vibrations from closing valves

The {...} layer is immediately adjacent to the ventricular or atrial surface of each valve and is covered with endothelium.

Ventricularis/atrialis

What tissue makes up the ventricularis/atrialis layer? What 3 other substructures will you find within this tissue?

Dense connective tissue - collagen fibers, elastic fibers, elastic lamellae

The leaflets of valves are populated by these cells that have unique features and sustain valve homeostasis throughout life.

What are valvular interstitial cells?

The electrical activity (impulses) that results in the rhythmic pulsations of the heart is initiated and propagated by this heart system.

What is the conducting system of the heart?

The physiologic role of the {...} system is to defend the body against infectious microorganisms and pathogenic agents as well as noninfectious foreign substances and transformed cells and their products.

Immune

A morphologic counterpart of the immune system that consists of groups of cells, tissues, and organs that monitor body surfaces and internal fluid compartments.

What is the lymphatic system?

Almost all cells of the immune system are derived from {...} (HSCs) in the bone marrow.

Hemopoietic stem cells

The definitive cell type of the immune system and the effector cells in the response of the immune system to harmful substances.

What are lymphocytes?

What are the 2 primary lymphatic organs in mammals?

Thymus & bone marrow

After undergoing maturation and a careful selection process in the primary lymphatic organs, lymphocytes migrate to the {...} lymphatic organs and tissues, including the spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, lymphatic nodules, and diffuse lymphatic tissues.

Secondary

Within the secondary lymphatic tissues, in the presence of an antigen, lymphocytes interact with each other and with these 2 specialized non-lymphoid cells to become activated.

What are immunocompetent effector T & B cells?

What type of immune response does an antigen induce?

Specific (adaptive) immune response

These proteins are produced due to the specific immune response induced by an antigen and can bind to an antigen.

What are antibodies?

The term {...} was introduced to describe a specific type of antigen that can always elicit an immune response, despite these antigens being too small to be detected by cells of the immune system.

Immunogen

The pre-existing, non-specific defenses that represent the first line of defense against microbial invasion.

What is non-specific (innate) immunity?

List the 4 types of non-specific immune defenses.

1) Physical barriers (e.g., the skin & mucous membranes) 2) Chemical defenses (e.g., low pH in stomach & vagina) 3) Secretory substances (e.g., thiocyanate in saliva, lysozymes, etc.) 4) Cells of the immune system

List 3 types of phagocytic immune cells.

1) Neutrophils 2) Monocytes 3) Macrophages

These special lymphocytes reside in epithelial tissues and can be considered part of the first-line defense mechanisms.

What are gamma/delta T lymphocytes?

How do neutrophils recognize invading bacteria?

Via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors (TLRs)

In the case of viral infection, infected cells produce a pathogen-nonspecific antiviral agent, {...}, that inhibits the replication of viruses in neighboring cells by decreasing protein synthesis.

Interferon

These defenses are activated when nonspecific defenses fail and can precisely target antigens specific to the invader.

What is specific (adaptive) immunity?

What 2 characteristics of the adaptive immunity response do B & T lymphocytes provide?

Specificity & immune memory

How is adaptive immunity possible? NOTE: 2 words

Acquired resistance

These are the main cell types that are recruited in the initial phases of the inflammatory response.

What are neutrophils?

The influx of neutrophils is followed by the influx of {...} that differentiate into {...}.

1) Monocytes 2) Macrophages

What are macrophages and neutrophils referred to as due to their roles in the inflammatory response?

Inflammatory cells

This adaptive immunity response is mediated by the secretion of antibodies that coat and neutralize invaders and mark them for destruction by other immune cells.

What is the humoral response?

This adaptive immunity response is mediated by T lymphocytes and their products (e.g., cytokines) that target cancer-transformed and virus-infected cells for destruction by specific "killer" cells.

What is the cell-mediated response?

List the 3 major types of lymphocytes.

1) B cells 2) T cells 3) NK cells

What cells are responsible for the elaborate meshwork of the lymph nodules, lymph nodes, and spleen?

Reticular cells

In the thymus, {...} cells form the structural meshwork within the tissue. Despite their name, these cells neither produce nor are related to reticular fibers.

Epithelioreticular

The specific markers, now called {...} (CD) molecules, became designated by numbers that related them to antigens expressed at different stages of cell differentiation.

Cluster of differentiation

What are CD markers particularly useful for in clinical practice?

Diagnosis & treatment of many hematopoietic tissue disorders

Name the marker based on its main cellular expression: T cells in the midstage of development, Langerhans cells, & dendritic cells

CD1

Name the marker based on its main cellular expression: T cells & NK cells

CD2

Name the marker based on its main cellular expression: T cells

CD3

Name the marker based on its main cellular expression: Helper T cells, monocytes, & macrophages

CD4

Name the marker based on its main cellular expression: T cells & some B cells

CD5