lab quiz 3 Flashcards
auscultation
the method of listening to and studying these heart sounds during activity (blood flow to the heart, pumping)
stethoscope
medical instrument with ear pieces connected to tubes attached to a small, disc shaped resonator that is placed against the chest
heart murmurs
very commonly diagnosed by auscultation, where one of the heart valves does not function correctly
1st heart sound, S1
the lub of the heart, sound heard during systole, caused by closing of atrioventricular or AV valves, (mitral and tricuspid)
2nd heart sound, s2
the dub of the heart, heard during systole, caused by closure of semilunar (SL) valves (aortic semilunar and pulmonary semilunar valve). higher pitched sound than S1 due to resulting vibrations in the arteries and ventricles
3rd heart sound, s3
sound occurs during diastole, lower pitched sound that is produced by vibrations of ventricle walls as the ventricles rapidly fill w blood
4th heart sound, s4
sound occurs during diastole, low intensity sound heard as atria contracts to push blood down into ventricles
ausculatory areas
areas that represent where sounds from each valve can be heard most clearly
the 4 auscultatory areas of the chest
aortic, tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral
blood pressure
pressure created by the force of blood pushing against the wall of the arteries as your heart pumps blood into the blood vessels `
systolic pressure
pressure in arteries as ventricles are contracting, important indicator off the force of contraction of the heart
diastolic pressure
pressure in arteries when ventricles are relaxed, important indicator of condition of systemic blood vessels
pulse pressure
difference between systolic and diastolic pressures indicating forces blood pushing through ventricles
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle, MAP = Cardiac output (CO) X Heart rate (BPM)
cardiac output, CO
stroke volume, (mL blood/beat) X HR (BPM)
tissue perfusion
the flow of blood through the tissues and organs of the body.
as vessel diameter decreases,
peripheral resistance increases,
as blood viscosity increases,
resistance increases
an increase in blank will increase BP
CO or resistance
sphygmomanometer
a pressure cuff
palpatory method of BP
method that palpates the pulse as pressure is applied to an artery with a sphygmomanometer
which artery is most typically used for application o f pressure
brachial artery
which artery is used for palpatory method
radial artery
palpatory method- which is measured systolic pr diastolic?
systolic only
never leave cuff on more than
one minute
what is the stethoscope used for in the ausculatory method
to hear changes in sounds in the brachial artery
what happens as pressure is released during auscultation
artery collapses and reopens with each heartbeat and blood flow through the artery returns. this pattern results in turbulence through the vessel
korotkoff sounds
result of turbulence in artery
phase 1 korotkoff sounds
sharp tap or thud sound which may increase in intensity over next 10 MMHG drop in pressure, it is the systolic
phase 4 korotkoff sounds
distinct abrupt muffling of sounds, become soft reduced in intensity- sometimes called first diastolic reading
phase 5 korotkoff
all sounds disappear, second diastolic reading, this is usually what is recorded as diastolic
if blood pressure is being taken on one arm, where should pulse rate be taken
opposite arm
total peripheral resistance, TPR
amount of force affecting resistance pf blood flow thru circulatory system
the vasoconstriction of blood vessels cause an
increase in the total peripheral resistance.
vasodilation of blood vessels causes an
decrease in total peripheral resistance
TPR =
= mean arterial pressure/ CO
TPR est =
(systolic pressure + (2 x diastolic pressure)) /3 then over (pulse pressure x HR)
normal reflex response to a decrease in temperature
increase in systolic and diastolic BP
who should be used for the cold pressor test?
someone who has not gotten their BP taken yet
venous insufficiency
blood is not effectively returned to heart at desirable rate
most marine animals experience a
decrease in metabolic rate while under water such that cells require less oxygen over time
diving bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction
slowing of HR whole submerged underwater and decrease in blood vessel diameter to non vital body parts
results in overall reduction of circulation to all body parts except vital organs and tissues, like heart/brain
where is the receptor found responsible for diving reflex/ what nerve will be triggered
the nose/trigeminal nerve
Harvard step test
measure of cardiovascular health and endurance. tests general capacity of body ro cope with physical work, and ability to recover from it
index of physical fitness=
duration of exercise (seconds) x 100 over 2 x sum of 3 pulse counts in recovery
tuttle pulse ratio test
used to measure ratio of persons resting pulse rate to pulse rate after exercise
S0 =
S1 + (S2-S1)(2.5 - r1) over r2-r1
