ch 19- the cardiovascular system, blood vessels 2-5

Question 1

what r the 3 BP regulation factors

Answer 1

cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume

Question 2

what happens if wanna increase BP

Answer 2

must increase blood volume, CO, SV, and HR

Question 3

factors affecting peripheral resistance (R)

Answer 3

Blood viscosity, blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter

Question 4

neural regulation

Answer 4

short term regulation, cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata, makes 2 centers cardiac and vasomotor

Question 5

cardiac center of cardiovascular center in neural control

Answer 5

cardioaccelatory center is sympathetic, cardioinhibitory is parasympathetic, controls HR and CO. parasympathetic will slow HR and CO and BP sympathetic does opposite q

Question 6

vasomotor center of cardiovascular center in neural control

Answer 6

controls vessel diameter, arteriole diameter, causes vasoconstriction in sympathetic, increases BP.

Question 7

what are the 3 receptors that modify cardiovascular center

Answer 7

baroreceptor, chemoreceptor, higher brain center

Question 8

baroreceptor

Answer 8

stretch walls of large arteries in neck and top thorax, activated when pulled or stretched, more pressure means more stretch. this INHIBITS cardioacceeratory system- so BP slows bc sympathetic makes HR slow

Question 9

chemoreceptor

Answer 9

changes CO2 levels, blood pH, O2 content. if CO2 increases, pH decreases, and O2 decrease stimulates cardioaccelatory center SO BP increases bc CA center is fast

Question 10

higher brain center

Answer 10

activates sympathetic division, an emotional state will raise BP and we cannot control it

Question 11

hormonal long term control of BP

Answer 11

EPI and NEPI increases BP, angiotensin II makes BP increase, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) slows BP, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases BP.

Question 12

angiotensin II

Answer 12

kidney produces it, stimulates intense vasoconstriction, blood vessel diameter decreases so BP UPPP

Question 13

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Answer 13

produced by atria of heart, increases excretion of solute/water. more solute in urine, so water follows and therefore blood volume decrease as well as BP . vasodilation here will decrease R

Question 14

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 14

anti urine formation, produced by hypothalamus, increases water reabsorption by blood to kidneys, BP up bc BV up

Question 15

long term BP regulation renal mechanism

Answer 15

alters blood volume in kidneys, kidneys filter blood to form urine! constantly adjust to maintain 5 L. when BV up, kidneys filter more blood so more urine is made, and BV and BP will decrease

Question 16

indirect mechanism of renal mechanism

Answer 16

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism increases BP, renin catalyzes angiotensin I, which goes to angiotensin II, so aldosterone releases and Na+ absorbed more in kidneys, so BV up and BP top bc water follows solute, also ADH comes in and thirst center of brain and stimulates vasoconstriction.

Question 17

hypertension

Answer 17

consistent high BP, crisis is over 180/120
chronic hypertension can lead to heart failure, vascular disease, and renal failure

Question 18

primary or essential hypertension

Answer 18

high BP that has multiple influences, can be heredity, diet, obesity, age, stress, smoking. cannot cure- can treat with weight loss and lifestyle changes, diuretics, ACE inhibitors

Question 19

diuretics and ACE inhibitors

Answer 19

diuretic- increase urine and so decrease BV and BP
ACE is angiotensin converter, I to II, if no more angio II, BP must lower

Question 20

secondary hypertension

Answer 20

caused by diff underlying condition, such as obstructed arteries, kidney disease, hyperthyroidism. can be treated or cured by underlying condition

Question 21

pduomeyom

Answer 21

pudo

Question 22

hypotension

Answer 22

consistent low BP, 90/60 or lower, not as serous as hypertension, issue when circulation is bad and tissues don’t get what is needed

Question 23

orthostatic hypotensiuon

Answer 23

dizzy feeling from fast head change position, blood drops bc of gravity, sympathetic NS can correct this fast

Question 24

chronic hypotension

Answer 24

low BP caused by some underlying condition, like hypothyroidism, malnutrition, inadequate renal function

Question 25

shock

Answer 25

inadequate circulation of blood to body tissues, the O2 needs and disposal needs r not met. can cause cell death and tissue death

Question 26

hypovolemic shock

Answer 26

shock resulting from severe hemorrhage or 3rd degree burns or too much vomit/diarrhea. BP dangerously low, weak pulse and intense vasoconstriction

Question 27

vascular shock 3 types n what is it

Answer 27

poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation, the BV is normal the vessels are the issue anaphylactic shock- allergic reaction way too much histamine so vasodilation neurogenic shock- Autonomic NS incorrectly regulated, para won't oppose sympathetic usually spinal cord issues septic- severe blood infection caused by bacteria

Question 28

cardiogenic shock

Answer 28

heart is insufficient to provide blood to tissues, causes myocardial damage. heart cannot propel enough.

Question 29

why do we need blood to flow through tissues

Answer 29

gas exchange in lungs, kidney filter, deliver O2 and nutrients to cells, absorbs digestive tract, removes waste

Question 30

why do all tissues not receive same amount of blood at same time

Answer 30

if they did, Bp would decrease so much that circulation would be awful or stop. instead, it is controlled intrinsically and extrensically

Question 31

autoregulation of blood flow

Answer 31

automatic adjustment of blood flow to organs, independent of hormones or neural mechanisms changes arteriole resistance, can occur due to chemical changes or physical. (metabolic vs myogenic)

Question 32

metabolic control of blood flow

Answer 32

auto regulation due to inadequate blood supply, leads to waste buildup in tissues and tissue hypoxia causes nitric oxide (NO)release. that is a very strong vasodilator. it goes to arterioles and increases blood to capillary beds, which is temporary and localized to tissues that need it

Question 33

myogenic control

Answer 33

physical control of the stretch of smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles increase pressure- increase stretch in walls of vessel, blood supply to capillaries decrease when organ has tooooo much decrease pressure- decrease in smooth muslce of vessel walls, blood supply to capillary bed increases when organ does not have what it needs

Question 34

where will blood flow the absolute slowest

Answer 34

capillaries, they r the exchange vessels, we have billions, and their combined cross sectional area is the greatest.

Question 35

diffusion in capillary exchange

Answer 35

moves high to low, gases nutrients and waste passes from blood to tissues through tiny capillary walls. O2 FLOWS FROM BLOOD INTI TISSUES, CO2 FLOWS FROM TISSUES TO BLOOD FOR DISPOSAL can also move in intracellular clefts, fenestrations, vesicle

Question 36

how is movement of fluid in and out of capillary beds done

Answer 36

pressure! hydrostatic and colloid osmotic. 20 L of fluid is filtered out arteriolar end of capillary bed, 17L is returned to capillary bed at venous end.

Question 37

important determinant of fluid volume in bloodstream and interstitial fluid

Answer 37

bulk flow, pressure

Question 38

hydrostatic pressure (this is really hard)

Answer 38

pressure exerted by blood pressure against vessel wall, the PUSH out the capillary. capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc)- pressure forces fluids out of capillary to interstitial space, higher at arterial end of capillary bed interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (HPif)- opposing pressure that forces fluid from interstitial to capillary. pressure negligible

Question 39

colloid osmotic pressure (also hard)

Answer 39

draws water into a PULL direction, back into capillary at venous end, plasma proteins act as solutes, pulls water from interstitial to capillary. small opposing force, interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (OPif)- pulls water out of capillary. negligible force

Question 40

net filtration pressure

Answer 40

pressure created by hydrostatic and osmotic NFP= (HPc+OPif) - (HPif+OPc) USUALLY 10 MMHG. as long as that NFP is a positive value, means net loss of fluids

Question 41

do fluids really get lost from NFP?

Answer 41

well, more fluid is pumped out than is returned, lost fluid goes into lymphatics, which is returned (the 3L from 20-17) eventually