ch 17- blood lecture 1/21

Question 1

3 blood functions

Answer 1

transport, maintenance, protection

Question 2

transport function

Answer 2

oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues, waste removal, hormone transport

Question 3

maintenance function

Answer 3

body temp, pH of blood, fluid volume (water maintenance to allow good exchange rate)

Question 4

protection function

Answer 4

blood clotting (thrombocytes) and infection (leukocytes)

Question 5

blood characteristics

Answer 5

color change (darker means less oxygen, lighter more oxygen), 5.25 L total in body, 7.35-7.45 pH, viscous due to the erythrocytes

Question 6

blood plasma

Answer 6

90% water, mostly electrolytes (and NO2 substances, organic nutrients, respiratory gases, hormones)

Question 7

plasma proteins n where they made

Answer 7

make up mass/weight of plasma, produced by liver and released

Question 8

plasma protein types

Answer 8

albumin, fibrinogen, globulins

Question 9

albumin

Answer 9

major transporter of blood and contributes to water content. if there was no albumin, water would leave blood bc water follows solute. edema!

Question 10

fibrinogen

Answer 10

makes blood clot

Question 11

globulins

Answer 11

transports proteins, antibodies and immune defense

Question 12

blood cells, 3 types

Answer 12

living portion of blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes. All are short lived and non mitotic.

Question 13

erythrocytes

Answer 13

RBC, transports O2 and CO2 (sometimes )

Question 14

hematocrit

Answer 14

portion of total blood volume made up of erythrocytes (males 47% and females 42%)

Question 15

anemic

Answer 15

too low hematocrit, and hypoxia (not enough O2)

Question 16

leukocytes

Answer 16

WBC

Question 17

thrombocytes

Answer 17

platelets

Question 18

hematopoiesis

Answer 18

production of all 3 blood cell types in red bone marrow

Question 19

where do blood cells arise from?

Answer 19

hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblast) . must become committed and then do not move or change to a different cell type

Question 20

erythrocytes

Answer 20

RBCs, outnumber other cell types. responsible for respiratory gas transport. nucleus will be removed so space for hemoglobin is made.

Question 21

hemoglobin

Answer 21

protein responsible for O2 transport in blood. heme pigment bound to globin protein

Question 22

globin protein made up of what!

Answer 22

2 alpha 2 beta chains, each chain binds 1 heme group

Question 23

heme group

Answer 23

contains an iron center, each iron molecule can bind to one O2, and one hemoglobin can bind to 4 O2

Question 24

hemoglobin binds and breaks O2 easily- why?

Answer 24

binds so O2 can spread and O2 can pass faster bc of this

Question 25

how does RBC shape help make erythrocytes ideal for gas exchange

Answer 25

large SA:volume ratio, less cytoplasm means more plasma membrane, the flat disc shape allows for movement through vessels, and they do not use O2 they only transport it

Question 26

erythropoiesis

Answer 26

RBC production, a hematopoietic stem cell will commit to a pro-erythroblast

Question 27

hypoxia/anemia

Answer 27

too few erythrocytes, not enough O2, not enough hemoglobin

Question 28

what happens when too many erythrocytes?

Answer 28

blocks blood vessel to prevent blood flow efficiently, heart works too hard and may give up eventually

Question 29

hematopoietic stem cell

Answer 29

receives the chemical message

Question 30

pro erythroblast

Answer 30

commits to a cell (RBC)

Question 31

hormonal control of erythropoiesis

Answer 31

erythropoietin (EPOs) and testosterone, as well as iron

Question 32

EPOs (erythropoietin)

Answer 32

directly stimulates erythrocyte production, produced and released by kidneys. most important for erythrocyte production

Question 33

why would someone need more EPO release

Answer 33

hypoxia or anemia

Question 34

what kind of feedback mechanism is EPO release?

Answer 34

negative, too much O2 is inhibiting EPO, too little O2 stimulates EPO. there is a basal rate pf production though.

Question 35

testosterone

Answer 35

enhances EPO production (males will have more erythrocytes and hemoglobin than women)

Question 36

dietary needs for normal erythrocyte production

Answer 36

amino acids, lipids, carbs will construct plasma membrane of RBC

Question 37

what B vitamins are needed for normal DNA synthesis

Answer 37

B12 and folic acid

Question 38

iron

Answer 38

65% of body iron is in hemoglobin, remainder is in liver and spleen

Question 39

anemia

Answer 39

iron shortage

Question 40

where does free iron bind to protein

Answer 40

protein transferrin, it will take iron as needed and circulate on its own

Question 41

destroying erythrocytes

Answer 41

they live for 120 days, bc RBC will be less flexible ad hemoglobin will degenerate(so less O2 will bind).

Question 42

bilirubin

Answer 42

heme gets broken down in the liver and gets excreted in feces

Question 43

globin proteins

Answer 43

get broken dow into amino acids and released

Question 44

iron destroy process

Answer 44

gets saved to be reused

Question 45

anemia

Answer 45

not enough O2 for needs of body, usually symptom of something bigger, caused by blood loss

Question 46

acute hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 46

severe fast blood lost short term

Question 47

chronic hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 47

slow persistent blood loss loss severe

Question 48

anemia causes

Answer 48

blood loss, inadequate erythrocyte production, excessive erythrocyte destruction

Question 49

sickle cell anemia

Answer 49

autoimmune disorder, shape change causes issues because single point mutation in genes. then, circulation issues occur if hooks go on each other, blocks circulation- basically LESS BLOOD FLOW

Question 50

polycythemia

Answer 50

increase in erythrocyte number, causes thicker blood

Question 51

polycythemia vera

Answer 51

noninhereted mutation, 80% hematocrit levels when they should be 45%, way too much blood the volume is too much. can be treated with therapeutic phlebotomy or chemotherapy drug

Question 52

secondary polycythemia

Answer 52

increased EPO due to low O2 availability, like high altitude living. less O2 available means compensate with more RBC production

Question 53

blood doping

Answer 53

synthetic EPOs or self blood transfusions, temporary, makes more O2 which is better for their athletic performance. risky tho for heart.