Lab Quiz 3 Flashcards
Which phase of the M-Phase lasts the longest?
Interphase.
What are the different phases of mitosis in order?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
What are the phases of the cell cycle in order? Briefly, what happens in each?
G1 (growth), G0 (function), S-Phase (DNA synthesis), G2 (Preparation for division), M-Phase (Reproduction), Cytokinesis (Cell division).
All are grouped into the Interphase except for the M-Phase and Cytokinesis.
What is the duplication of bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts called?
Binary fission.
During what phase does the centrosome duplicate?
Gap 2.
During what phase do the mitochondria and chloroplasts duplicate?
Gap 2.
What happens during prophase?
The nucleoli disappear, the nuclear membrane breaks down, centrosomes migrate to opposite poles, chromosomes start to become visible.
What are the stages of meiosis in order? Briefly describe each.
Prophase I: Homologous pairs form. Crossing Over occurs Metaphase I: Homologous pairs line up on metaphase plate. Anaphase I: Homologous pairs are pulled apart. Telophase I: Cells separate into haploid daughter cells.
Prophase II: Chromosomes condense. Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate. Anaphase II: Chromatids are pulled apart. Telophase II: 2 haploid cells divide into 4 haploid cells, nuclear membranes reform.
When does crossing over occur during meiosis?
During prophase I.
What happens during Metaphase in Mitosis?
In Mitosis, metaphase is when chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate.
What happens during Metaphase in Meiosis?
In Meiosis, metaphase I is where homologous pairs line up on the metaphase plate. Metaphase II is when sister chromatids line up on the metaphase plate.
What happens during Anaphase in Meiosis?
In Meiosis, anaphase I is when homologous pairs are pulled apart. Anaphase II is when sister chromatids are pulled apart.
What happens during Anaphase in Mitosis?
In Mitosis, anaphase is when the sister chromatids are pulled apart.
What happens during Telophase in Meiosis?
In Meiosis, telophase I is when 2 cells are formed from the first cell. Telophase II is when these 2 cells are further divided into 4 cells.
Both of these phases are marked by the reformation of the nucleus. Nucleoli also start to reappear, sometimes only in Telophase II though.
Describe the appearance of all of the M-Phases under the microscope.
Interphase: Nucleoli can be seen.
Prophase: Nucleus becomes darker, chromosomes can start to be seen.
Metaphase: Chromosomes are lined up at the center of the nucleus.
Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.
Telophase: 2 nuclei can be seen, the cell is about to divide.
What is the region where cells divide in the onion root cell called?
The meristem
Why is DNA more susceptible to chemical damage during metaphase and anaphase?
Because the nuclear membrane has broken down.
What could be seen in the fish blastodisc cell in metaphase that could not be seen in the onion root cell?
The aster, which are the spindle fibers connecting the centrosome to the plasma membrane.
How many degrees of freedom are there if there are 4 possible options?
3 degrees of freedom.
What are genotypes and phenotypes?
The Genotype represents the chromosomes or genetic material of a specimen.
The Phenotype is what can be observed. Ex. Red Eyes.
What are the two eye colors for fruit flies?
On what gene does the eye color reside?
Which are the dominant and recessive genes?
Red and White.
On the X sex chromosome.
Xw for white eyes is recessive, while X+ for red eyes is dominant.
If a male Drosphila has white eyes, what is his genotype?
If a male Drosphila has red eyes, what is his genotype?
XwY
X+Y
What is the phenotype of a XwX+ Drosphila?
How would we describe this genotype in words?
A XwX+ Drosphila is a red eyed female.
Heterozygote.
What is the proper name of the fruit fly?
Drosphila melanogaster
What is the genotype of a white eyed female Drosophila?
How can this genotype be described in words?
XwXw
This is homozygote recessive.
What is the critical probability value?
5% or 0.05
What is the name of the hypothesis we made at the beginning of the lab.
Can it be prooved?
The null hypothesis.
It can only be rejected or not rejected, never prooved.
How many autosomal and sex chromosomes do the fruit flies have?
3 pairs of autosomal and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
Analyze this population and give a hypothesis on the genotype of the parents. Explain.
All males have white eyes, all females have red eyes.
Female parent: XwXw
Male parent: X+Y
Since all females will have gotten the X+ from their father, and the red allele is dominant, all females will have red eyes.
In order for all males to have white eyes, they must all have gotten a Xw from their mother.
In this case, the mother is Homozygote recessive.
What product was used to make the flies fall asleep?
Fly NapTM
What type of microscope was used to observe the fruit flies?
A stereomicroscope.
How are male Drosophila differentiated from females.
Size: Males are smaller than females.
Body Color: Men have a black posterior, while females are usually striped.
Shape: Men have a more rounded caudal tip to their abdomens than females.
Males have sex combs on front legs, females do not!
What happens when the probability is 5%?
The null hypothesis is rejected.
On which segment of the male Drosophila’s leg is the sex comb located?
Tarsi I.
Approximately how long was the male Drosphila leg
1.25 mm
What are the components of the Drossophila Larva?
Describe each briefly
Posterior Spiracles: end of trachea sticking out of the back
Trachea: Two long tubes that go from head to tail.
Mouth Parts: hooks where the mouth is.
Body Segments: 11 little lumps on the side of the larva.
Salivary Glands: Two big patches behind the mouth.
