Lab Practical II Flashcards
Longitudinal Fissure Purpose
- Increase the surface area of the brain
Corpus Collosum
- Large bundle of axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
- disseminates information from the cerebral cortex on one side of the brain to the same region on the other side
Cerebrum
- Largest part of the brain - Associated with higher brain functions (thought + action)
- Cerebral cortex divided into 4 lobes and 2 hemispheres
Cerebellum
- 2 Hemispheres
- Slightly folded surface
- Skilled, coordinated movements
- Involved in some learning pathways
- Associated with regulation, posture, and balance
Medula Oblongata
- Responsible for maintaining vital body functions (breathing, heart rate)
- Part of the brainstem
Pons
- Involved in motor control and sensory analysis
- Part of the brain stem
Olfactory Bulb
- Processes information about odors
Optic Nerve
- Transfers visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses
Optic Chiasma
- X shaped space located in the forebrain
- Directly in front of the hypothalamus
- Crucial to vision
- L and R optic nerves intersect here (thus the X)
Thalamus
- At the top of the brainstem
- Sort/process/direct signals from the spinal cord and mid-brain up to the cerebrum
- Works in the opposite direction, too
Pupil
- Hole that takes in light so the eye can focus on objects in front of it
Lens
- Sits directly behind the pupil
- Clear layer that focuses light
- Held in place by ciliary muscles which allow it to change shape depending on amount of light
Retina
- Receives light focused from the lens
- Made of rods and cones arranged in layers… these transmit light into chemical and electrical pulses
- Located in the back of the eye
- Connected to the optic nerve
Macula Lutea (human)
- Where light rays from an object focus
- Yellow oval spot at the center of the retina
- Responsible for sharp, detailed, central vision (visual acuity)
Fovea (human)
- Depression in the center of the macula
- Contains cones
- Associated with color vision and perception of detail’
Tapetum Lucidum (sheep)
- Immediately behind retina
- Reflects visible light back through retina
- Increases visible light for photoreceptors
- Contributes to superior night vision of some animals
- Why dogs have laser eyes
Pinna
- Ear flap…. outer portion of ear
- Used like a satellite dish to collect sound and transmit it inward
Malleus
- Hammer
- Connected to the eardrum
- Will vibrate eardrum as it is hit by sound waves and pass sound on to the rest of the ear
Oval Window
- Oval opening at the head of the cochlea
- Connecting middle and inner ear
- Sound vibrations from stapes transmitted through here
Cochela
- Spiral tube filled with nerve cells (ear hairs)
- Hairs designed to pick up different types of vibrations/ frequencies
- When hairs vibrate, turn kinetic information into electrical pulses that are sent to the brain
Semicircular Canals/ Ducts
- Attached to the cochlea
- Fluid filled
- Turn and sway with movement to help you keep your balance
Blood Pressure Depends on
- Cardiac Output
- Peripheral Resistance of blood vessels
How to take blood pressure
- Pump cuff until there is no blood flow
- Slowly release cuff until hear sounds of arterial flow
- Systolic is the first sound you hear when deflating - Diastolic is when you can hear pulse back to normal (tapping sound ends)
Systolic Pressure
- Pressure exerted by heart when the vessel is first able to open
- The higher one
Diastolic Pressure
- The lower one
Pulse Pressure
- Difference between systolic and diastolic
Blood from body –> Heart
- Deoxygenated
- Returns to right atrium
Blood heart –> lungs
- Right ventricle pumps under low pressure through pulmonary vale into pulmonary artery
- Goes to lung for gas exchange
Blood lungs –> heart
- Oxygenated
- Goes to left ventricle (via pulmonary veins + left atrium + mitral valve)
Blood heart –> body
- Left ventricle pump through aortic valve and aorta - Oxygenated
Heart and Exercise
- Increase heart rate and FOC
- HR remains high after exercise to recover
BP and Exercise
- Increase BP with exercise b/c increase HR and FOC
- Blood vessels in muscle dilate during exercise… extent to which BP rises is smaller than the extent to which HR increases
Heart and Cold
- Increased HR bc of sympathetic nervous system
- Increased contractility
Cold and BP
- Increase HR and FOC… increase BP
Valsalva Maneuver Test
- Test of baroreceptor sensitivity
- Alter venous return to heart… (decrease)
- Body responds to change
Electrocardiogram
Measurements of electrical activity in heart via. salt bridge from Na+ and Cl-
Salt Bridge in EKG
Sodium Chloride
Vital Capacity
- Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration
Tidal Volume
- Volume of gas inspired or expired during each respiratory cycle under resting conditions
Forced Expiratory Volume
- Maximum volume of gas that can be exhaled within a specific time (usually 1 second)
- Example of a pulmonary function test that determines flow rate
Maximum Voluntary Ventilation
- Largest volume of gas that can be breathed voluntarily in/out of the lungs in 1 minute
- Decreased with age
- Assesses overall function wrt pulmonary ventilation
- Subject in/expires rapidly with spirometer which records ventilation for 15 seconds
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder
- Limitation of airflow from partial or complete obstruction
- i.e. asthma, COPD, emphysema
- Diagnosed measuring pulmonary flow rates
Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder Test Results
VC…. decrease TV…. increase FEV… decrease MVV…. decrease
Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder
- Reduced expansion of lung accompanied by decrease in total lung capacity
- I.e. respiratory fibrosis, respiratory distress syndrome
- Diagnosed via lung capacities and volume
Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder Test Results
VC…. decrease TV…. decrease FEV…. decrease/normal MVV… decrease
P Wave
- Atrial contraction - Depolarization
QRS Complex
- Contraction of Ventricles - Depolarization
T Wave
- Relaxation of ventricles - Repolarization
Label: olfactory bulb, vagus nerve, pons, oculomotor nerve, optic nerve, medulla, pituitary, optic chiasma
Label: Sulcus, Gyrus, Superior Colliculus, Inferior Colliculus, Thalamus, Pons, Hypothalamus, Arbor Vitae, Cerevellum, Spinal Cord, Corpus Collosum, Olfactory Bulb, Medulla
Label: fornix, thalamus, pineal body, corpus collosum, arbor vitae, superior colliculus , mammillary body
Label: Tapetum lucidum, choroid coat, eye muscle, scleroid coat, retina
Lable: ciliary bodies, pupil, iris, scleroid coat, suspensory ligaments, choroid coat
Label Parts of the Ear: oval window, stapes, outer ear, pinna, auditory canal, malleus, semicircular canal, tympanic membrane, incus, auditory nerve
