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Bio II > Lab Practical II > Flashcards

Lab Practical II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Longitudinal Fissure Purpose

A
  • Increase the surface area of the brain
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2
Q

Corpus Collosum

A
  • Large bundle of axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
  • disseminates information from the cerebral cortex on one side of the brain to the same region on the other side
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3
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • Largest part of the brain - Associated with higher brain functions (thought + action)
  • Cerebral cortex divided into 4 lobes and 2 hemispheres
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4
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • 2 Hemispheres
  • Slightly folded surface
  • Skilled, coordinated movements
  • Involved in some learning pathways
  • Associated with regulation, posture, and balance
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5
Q

Medula Oblongata

A
  • Responsible for maintaining vital body functions (breathing, heart rate)
  • Part of the brainstem
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6
Q

Pons

A
  • Involved in motor control and sensory analysis
  • Part of the brain stem
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7
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A
  • Processes information about odors
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8
Q

Optic Nerve

A
  • Transfers visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses
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9
Q

Optic Chiasma

A
  • X shaped space located in the forebrain
  • Directly in front of the hypothalamus
  • Crucial to vision
  • L and R optic nerves intersect here (thus the X)
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10
Q

Thalamus

A
  • At the top of the brainstem
  • Sort/process/direct signals from the spinal cord and mid-brain up to the cerebrum
  • Works in the opposite direction, too
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11
Q

Pupil

A
  • Hole that takes in light so the eye can focus on objects in front of it
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12
Q

Lens

A
  • Sits directly behind the pupil
  • Clear layer that focuses light
  • Held in place by ciliary muscles which allow it to change shape depending on amount of light
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13
Q

Retina

A
  • Receives light focused from the lens
  • Made of rods and cones arranged in layers… these transmit light into chemical and electrical pulses
  • Located in the back of the eye
  • Connected to the optic nerve
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14
Q

Macula Lutea (human)

A
  • Where light rays from an object focus
  • Yellow oval spot at the center of the retina
  • Responsible for sharp, detailed, central vision (visual acuity)
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15
Q

Fovea (human)

A
  • Depression in the center of the macula
  • Contains cones
  • Associated with color vision and perception of detail’
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16
Q

Tapetum Lucidum (sheep)

A
  • Immediately behind retina
  • Reflects visible light back through retina
  • Increases visible light for photoreceptors
  • Contributes to superior night vision of some animals
  • Why dogs have laser eyes
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17
Q

Pinna

A
  • Ear flap…. outer portion of ear
  • Used like a satellite dish to collect sound and transmit it inward
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18
Q

Malleus

A
  • Hammer
  • Connected to the eardrum
  • Will vibrate eardrum as it is hit by sound waves and pass sound on to the rest of the ear
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19
Q

Oval Window

A
  • Oval opening at the head of the cochlea
  • Connecting middle and inner ear
  • Sound vibrations from stapes transmitted through here
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20
Q

Cochela

A
  • Spiral tube filled with nerve cells (ear hairs)
  • Hairs designed to pick up different types of vibrations/ frequencies
  • When hairs vibrate, turn kinetic information into electrical pulses that are sent to the brain
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21
Q

Semicircular Canals/ Ducts

A
  • Attached to the cochlea
  • Fluid filled
  • Turn and sway with movement to help you keep your balance
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22
Q

Blood Pressure Depends on

A
  1. Cardiac Output
  2. Peripheral Resistance of blood vessels
23
Q

How to take blood pressure

A
  • Pump cuff until there is no blood flow
  • Slowly release cuff until hear sounds of arterial flow
  • Systolic is the first sound you hear when deflating - Diastolic is when you can hear pulse back to normal (tapping sound ends)
24
Q

Systolic Pressure

A
  • Pressure exerted by heart when the vessel is first able to open
  • The higher one
25
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A
  • The lower one
26
Q

Pulse Pressure

A
  • Difference between systolic and diastolic
27
Q

Blood from body –> Heart

A
  • Deoxygenated
  • Returns to right atrium
28
Q

Blood heart –> lungs

A
  • Right ventricle pumps under low pressure through pulmonary vale into pulmonary artery
  • Goes to lung for gas exchange
29
Q

Blood lungs –> heart

A
  • Oxygenated
  • Goes to left ventricle (via pulmonary veins + left atrium + mitral valve)
30
Q

Blood heart –> body

A
  • Left ventricle pump through aortic valve and aorta - Oxygenated
31
Q

Heart and Exercise

A
  • Increase heart rate and FOC
  • HR remains high after exercise to recover
32
Q

BP and Exercise

A
  • Increase BP with exercise b/c increase HR and FOC
  • Blood vessels in muscle dilate during exercise… extent to which BP rises is smaller than the extent to which HR increases
33
Q

Heart and Cold

A
  • Increased HR bc of sympathetic nervous system
  • Increased contractility
34
Q

Cold and BP

A
  • Increase HR and FOC… increase BP
35
Q

Valsalva Maneuver Test

A
  • Test of baroreceptor sensitivity
  • Alter venous return to heart… (decrease)
  • Body responds to change
36
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Measurements of electrical activity in heart via. salt bridge from Na+ and Cl-

37
Q

Salt Bridge in EKG

A

Sodium Chloride

38
Q

Vital Capacity

A
  • Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration
39
Q

Tidal Volume

A
  • Volume of gas inspired or expired during each respiratory cycle under resting conditions
40
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume

A
  • Maximum volume of gas that can be exhaled within a specific time (usually 1 second)
  • Example of a pulmonary function test that determines flow rate
41
Q

Maximum Voluntary Ventilation

A
  • Largest volume of gas that can be breathed voluntarily in/out of the lungs in 1 minute
  • Decreased with age
  • Assesses overall function wrt pulmonary ventilation
  • Subject in/expires rapidly with spirometer which records ventilation for 15 seconds
42
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

A
  • Limitation of airflow from partial or complete obstruction
  • i.e. asthma, COPD, emphysema
  • Diagnosed measuring pulmonary flow rates
43
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder Test Results

A

VC…. decrease TV…. increase FEV… decrease MVV…. decrease

44
Q

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder

A
  • Reduced expansion of lung accompanied by decrease in total lung capacity
  • I.e. respiratory fibrosis, respiratory distress syndrome
  • Diagnosed via lung capacities and volume
45
Q

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder Test Results

A

VC…. decrease TV…. decrease FEV…. decrease/normal MVV… decrease

46
Q

P Wave

A
  • Atrial contraction - Depolarization
47
Q

QRS Complex

A
  • Contraction of Ventricles - Depolarization
48
Q

T Wave

A
  • Relaxation of ventricles - Repolarization
49
Q

Label: olfactory bulb, vagus nerve, pons, oculomotor nerve, optic nerve, medulla, pituitary, optic chiasma

A
50
Q

Label: Sulcus, Gyrus, Superior Colliculus, Inferior Colliculus, Thalamus, Pons, Hypothalamus, Arbor Vitae, Cerevellum, Spinal Cord, Corpus Collosum, Olfactory Bulb, Medulla

A
51
Q

Label: fornix, thalamus, pineal body, corpus collosum, arbor vitae, superior colliculus , mammillary body

A
52
Q

Label: Tapetum lucidum, choroid coat, eye muscle, scleroid coat, retina

A
53
Q

Lable: ciliary bodies, pupil, iris, scleroid coat, suspensory ligaments, choroid coat

A
54
Q

Label Parts of the Ear: oval window, stapes, outer ear, pinna, auditory canal, malleus, semicircular canal, tympanic membrane, incus, auditory nerve

A

Bio II (6 decks)

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