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Bio II > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Heartworm

A

Roundworm

Dogs

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2
Q

AMPA Receptor

A

Post. Cell

  • Glutamate binds
  • Increase gK and gNa
  • Causes local current flow –> remove Mg blok from NMDA
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3
Q

Tissues lining organs

A

from visceral mesoderm

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4
Q

Leeches in Medicine

A
  • Amputation of small body part
  • Cannot repair venous supply… swelling and blood accumulation
  • Use leech to remove excess fluid
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5
Q

Castrate dog and treat with ground testis fluids

A
  • Decrease FSH
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6
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A
  • Roundworms
  • Technically have a closed cavity between the endo and mesoderms
  • But is not surrounded by meoderm as we have come to expect from body cavities
  • Only longitudinal muscle + cuticle

(Ascaris, hookworm, filarial worms, guinea worm, tichinosis)

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7
Q

Neuroplasticity on the Postsynaptic Membrane

A
  • Glutamate binds to post. cell
  • First it binds to AMPA…. increase gNa and gK generating local current flow
  • Local current flow removes the Mg block on the NMDA channel
  • Glutamate and glycine bind to NMDA and increase gCa
  • Ca creates calmodulin which sets up a phosphorylation cascade and causes protein function
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8
Q

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

A
  • Hormone binds to receptor
  • Receptor stimulates G-protein
  • G-protein turns on adenylate cyclase (AC)
  • AC turns AMP –> cAMP
  • cAMP binds to protein kinase which phosphorylates proteins #cascade
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9
Q

Scolex

A

Mouth of a tapeworm

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10
Q

Primary Consumers

A
  • Eat producers
  • Eaten by 2nd who eaten by 3rd (trophic level 4)
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11
Q

Percent N2 in atmosphere

A

79%

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12
Q

Luteal Phase

A
  • Surge in LH from estrogen positive feedback
  • Corpus lutem makes estrogen and porgesterone
  • Progesterone does negative feedback on HPA…. keep FSH and LH low
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13
Q

Filarial Worms - River Blindess

A

Roundworms

  • Black fly is the intermediate
  • Larvae get into human eye and mess with retina
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14
Q

Hemicastrate

A
  • Initial increase in FSH
  • Other teste comenstes
  • Eventually decrease in FSH and sperm production rises

Sperm secrete inhibin…. decrease FSH

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15
Q

Blood Fluke

A

Flat Worm

  • Mate in humans… we poop eggs
  • Eggs get into water via snails
  • Worm can swim and drill into human skin
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16
Q

Bats and Cactus Flowers

A

Symbiotic

  • Cactus flowers bloom at night… give nectar to bats
  • Bats pollenate other flowers
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17
Q

Elephantiasis

A
  • Filarial Worm (roundworm)
  • In lymph ducts
  • Causes swelling/fluid accumulation
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18
Q

Ascaris

A
  • Pseudocoelomate
  • Most common worm in humans
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19
Q

Rice Paddies and Nitrogen

A
  • Rice paddy farms have anavaena a nitrogen fixing bacteria
  • Shares N with rice plants
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20
Q

Mullerian Mimicry

A
  • One species imitates a pattern that can diffuse apprehension
  • Predators are wary of coloration in wasps and snakes
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21
Q

Roundworms

A
  • Only longitudinal muscle
  • Thrash to move
  • Secrete outer layer called a cuticle which is very elastic… PE helps with motion
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22
Q

Reinnervation Experiments

A
  • Type I cell.. remove type I axon and innervate with type II axon
  • Cell is now type II
  • Happens @ ACh receptor cite
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23
Q

Commensal

A

One organism benefits and the other doesn’t mind

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24
Q

Denervation Experiments

A
  • Innervation from axon causes muscle contraction
  • Gives info for where to put ACh receptors
  • Remove axon, ACh channels appear randomly on surface of muscle cells
25
Q

NMDA Receptor

A
  • For Glutamate
  • Has an Mg block
  • Mg block removed by LCF due to glutamate binding to AMPA and increasing the gK and gNa
  • NMDA increase gCa

Hippocampus

26
Q

PTH

A
  • Released when Ca is low
  • Helps raise Ca
  • Decrease Ca in urine (kidney)
  • Increase osteocytic osteolysis (bone)
  • Helps Vit D action with Ca absorb in gut (SI)
27
Q

Denitrify

A
  • Organisms die
  • Other organisms eat dead things and release N2 back into the environment
28
Q

Guinea Worm

A

Matchstick worm

  • Adult worms drive their victims to gt into the water so they can lay eggs
29
Q

How tetanus works

A
  • Hold internal tension to stretch the SEC completely
  • Allows enough time for external tension to catch up
30
Q

Heterocysts

A
  • Specialized nitrogen fixing cells
  • Found in bacteria
31
Q

Adaptations for a parsitic lifestyle

A
  • Ability to infect
  • Ability to inhabit
  • Reduced sensory system
32
Q

Decomposers/ Detrivores

A

Are not a trophic level

33
Q

PDE

A

Phosphodiesterase

  • cAMP –> AMP
  • Inhibited by coffee
34
Q

Segmented Worms

A
  • First kind of segmented animal
  • Segments = redundancy
  • If it gets split, it has all the parts it needs to survive
  • Each segment has a small kidney and a nervous system
35
Q

Acacia Trees and Ants

A

Symbiotic

  • Tree grows protein rich knobs to feed ants that live in its thorns
  • Ants protect tree
36
Q

Cycling

A
  • Intrinsic rate of reproduction until resources exhauted… hit carrying capacity
  • Cycling reflected throughout foodchain (Hare + Lynx)… population levels cary together.
37
Q

Facilitation

A
  • With a lot of action potentials, increase the Ca insde the presynaptic membrane
  • This makes it easier to exocytose a neurotransmitter

Kandel

38
Q

FLAT PiG

A

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

Prolactin

GH

39
Q

Ach Release –> Muscle Contraction

A
  • Neuron releases ACh which binds to a nicotinic channel
  • Increase gNa and gK –> local current flow
  • LCF –> Action potential in muscle membrane down T-tubule
  • Action potential stiumlates DHP which interacts with RyR in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • RyR releases Ca… signals crossbridge
40
Q

Coelomates

A
  • Mesoderm lined body cavities and organs
  • Segemented worms and most other shit
41
Q

Ecological Pyramid

A
  • Shrinks by an order of magnitude for each lelve of the food chain
  • Size represents biomass (stored energy)
  • The only energy that gets passed up to a consumer is that which becomes part of the body… the other 90% is used for metabolism
42
Q

Bastesian Mimicry

A
  • Species imitates another species that is harmful
  • Viceroy butterfly immitates yucky monarch
  • Only works if there are more monarchs than viceroys
43
Q

Tichinosis

A

Roundworm

From pork

44
Q

Symbiotic

A
  • Mutualistic
  • Two organisms live in intimate association
45
Q

Mesenteries

A
  • Areas at which cavitiy linings and organ linings meet
46
Q

Hirudinea Worms

A

Leeches

  • Segmented
  • Fresh water
  • Eat blood
  • Move via their suckers and take steps
  • Blades in mouth cut into skin and release anesthetic and anticoagulant
47
Q

Adaptation of Endoparasites

A
  • Attachment structure
  • Resist digestion
  • Can penetrate the body
  • Increased ability to live in anaerobic conditions
  • Reduced digestive ability (because surrounded by nutrients)
  • Redduced sensory systems
  • Huge reproductive potential
48
Q

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

A
  • Contain heterocysts
  • Convert N2 –> NHx and introduce it into the food chain
49
Q

Producers

A
  • Trophic level 1
  • Turn light into chemical energy
50
Q

Succession

A
  • If a given area is undisturbed, organisms will increase in size/coplexity/stored energy until reaching a climax community
51
Q

Follicular Phase

A
  • Peak of FSH makes follicles develop
  • Follicles release estrogen which does + deeback on HPA…. leads to Increase LH
52
Q

Parasitic

A
  • One organism benefits at the expense of the other
53
Q

Acoelomates

A
  • Only have gut cavity
  • Flatworms, helminths
54
Q

Tissue lining cavities

A

from pariety mesoderm

55
Q

Castrate Dog and treat with testosterone

A
  • Remove testosterone
  • Increase in FSH and LH

Treat with Testosterone: decrease in LH only

56
Q

Flatworm

A
  • Does not have a body cavity
  • Intestinal tract
  • Mouth but no anus… food and waste through the mouth
  • Kidney structuers called flame cells throughout body
  • Nitrogenous waste diffuses through the skin
  • Good at regeneration (can cut in half and will grow back)
57
Q

Smooth Muscle Contraction

A
  • Increase [Ca] in cytoplasm
  • Ca binds to CaM
  • Ca-CaM activates myosin kinase
  • Myosin kinase phosphorylates serines on myosin (covalent regulation)
  • Crossbridge –> tension
58
Q

How do you lower [Ca] in muscle cytoplasm?

A

Ca Pump

  • Use ATP to pump Ca from cyto to SR

Bio II (6 decks)

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