Lab practical -blood, heart, vessels Flashcards
Apex
-inferior end of the heart, tapers to a point -points toward left hip
base
-broad/superior portion of heart -directed toward right shoulder
auricles
-increase volume of atria -small wrinkled protruding appendages
pericardium
-protective layer (may be absent) -double walled sac- heart is enclosed
epicardium
-protective layer-“upon the heart” -visceral layer
myocardium
-produces pumping force -middle layer -composed of cardiac muscle
endocardium
-heart lining-3rd layer -glistening white sheet of endothelium -lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of valves
interventricular septum
-longitudinal division that separates left/right ventricles -interatrial septum separates atria
Left AV/Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
-2 flaps, open and close in response to differences in BP, AV valves prevents backflow into atria when ventricles are contracting
Right AV/Tricuspid valve
-3 cusps, open and close in response to differences in BP, AV valves prevents backflow into atria when ventricles are
Chordae tendineae
- anchor/stabilize heart valves -“heart strings” -attached to each AV valve flap are tiny white collagen chords, which anchor the cusps to the papillary muscles protruding from the ventricular walls
Papillary muscle
- contract to close AV valves -cone-like , project into ventricular cavity
Right atrium
-receives O2 poor blood from body, push blood downstairs into ventricles, blood enters atria via 3 veins: 1) superior vena cava 2) inferior vena cava 3) coronary sinus
Right ventricle
-pumps blood into pulmonary trunk, routes the blood to lungs where gas exchange occurs -makes up most of anterior surface of heart
Left atrium
-receives blood from lungs -4 pulmonary veins enter, they transport blood from lungs back to heart - makes up most of heart’s base
Left ventricle
-pumps blood to all body tissues -dominates the inferoposterior, discharging chamber, ejects blood into the aorta , the largest artery in the body
Superior vena cava
-return blood to RIGHT ATRIUM from body regions superior to the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava
-return blood to RIGHT ATRIUM from body regions below the diaphragm
Pulmonary trunk
-takes blood to lungs -RV pumps blood into pulmonary trunk
R. Semilunar/Pulmonary valve
-prevent backflow of blood -SV between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery; prevents blood from flowing from the artery back into heart - SL valves guard bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles (artery & pulmonary trunk) & prevent backflow into associated ventricles
pulmonary arteries
-take blood and lungs
pulmonary veins
- take blood to left atrium , transport blood from the lungs back to the heart
aorta
- takes blood to all tissues -the LV ejects blood into aorta , the largest artery in the body
L. Semilunar/Aortic valve
-prevents backflow of blood -SV valve between the L. ventricle & aorta, controlling the flow of blood - SL valves guard bases of the large arteries issuing from the ventricles (artery & pulmonary trunk) & prevent backflow into associated ventricles
Left coronary artery
-supplies blood to the heart-Red -runs toward left side of the heart
Right coronary artery
-supplies blood to heart-Red -courses to the right side of the heart
Great cardiac vein
-drains blood from heart
Coronary sinus
-drains blood from heart wall (myocardium) and empties into right atrium
Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell or RBC)
- transports respiratory gases (O2 to tissues & CO2 to lungs) -binconcave disc shape -mature cells have no nucleus or organelles -mostly made up of hemoglobin for gas transport -incl proteins: antioxidants, Spectrin
Neutrophil
-50-70% of WBC , 10-12um - multi-lobed nucleus-polymorhonuclear leukocytes - ingest microorganisms & particles (phagocytosis of, particularly, bacteria): 1) defensins- insert proteins into walls of bacteria(invading) 2) respiratory burst- use O to produce bleach and HO to release into bacteria
Basophil
-0.5-1% of WBC; 10-14 um -U or S shaped purple nucleus -contain anitcoagulant heparin which prevents blood from clotting too quickly, & vasodilator histamine which promotes blood flow to tissues
Eosinophil
-2-4% of WBC, 10-14 um - bilobed nucleus -fight parasitic worm infections, function at sites of allergic reactions, & phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complexes. Eosinophil secretory products inactivate many of the chemical mediators of inflammation and destroy cancer cells. They release toxic substances to kill the invader.
Lymphocyte
-25% of WBC; 5-17um -large dark purple nucleus occupying most of the cell -B cells (plasma cells) produce antibodies; T (cytotoxic) cells attack foreign cells directly, these include infected cells and tumors
Monocyte
-3-8%; 18um - blue cytoplasm and large U or kidney shaped purple nucleus -are “monster” cells that gobble up debris and pathogens. Monocytes are the precursors of the various phagocytes of the mononuclear phagocytotic system(macrophages)
Thrombocyte-platelet
-principal function is to prevent bleeding (blood clot formation as a platelet plug).
origin of formed elements
red bone marrow
interpretation of ABO blood type results
- Agglutination (clumping) occurs because of antigen-antibody. RBCs have a variety of antigens(receptors or agglutinogens) on their plasma membrane ( surface), some of which are used to determine a person’s ABO blood type. - Serum contains antibodies (agglutinins), proteins that react with antigens a) Clumping in anti-A only: type A blood b) Clumping in anti-B only: type B blood c) Clumping in anti-A and anti-B: type AB blood d) Clumping in neither anti-A nor anti-B: type O blood
Rh System
-represents antigen type on the surface of of RBCs -Rh+ positive indicates presence of the antigen -Rh- negative indicates its absence
Why is left side of heart more muscular?
- the left side of heart is pumping blood to your entire body , while right side is pumping only into lungs
pectinate muscles
- in R. atrium , anterior portion of walls are ridged by bundles of muscle tissue, look like teeth of comb
veins
-carry blood toward the heart for purification
artery
-carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various parts of the body
why are ventricles more muscular than atria?
- ventricles are pumps of the heart, blood is propelled out the heart into circulation, out to body
trabeculae carnae
- marking the internal walls of the ventricular chambers are irregular ridges of the muscle
pulmonary circuit
-oxygen-poor, dark red blood enters the pulmonary circulation as it is pumped from the right ventricle into the large pulmonary trunk which the divides and forms the right and left pulmonary arteries. In lungs, as gases are exchanged and the oxygen content of the blood rises, blood becomes bright red. - the pulmonary capillary beds drain into venules, which join to form the pulmonary veins exiting from lung. - the 4 pulmonary veins complete circuit by unloading their precious cargo into left atrium of the heart -functions only to bring blood into close contact with the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs so that gases can be exchanged - it does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues
systemic circuit
- the left side of the heart pumps blood via aorta, this is the systemic circuit, to all body tissues and back to the right side of the heart -circulation provides the functional blood supply to all body tissues, that is, it delivers oxygen , nutrients, and other substances while carrying away CO2 and metabolic wastes. -the venae cavae empty the CO2 laden blood into R. atrium 1) blood passes from systemic veins to systemic arteries only after first moving through the pulmonary circuit 2) although the entire CO of the R. ventricle passes though pulmonary circulation, only a small fraction of the output of the L. ventricle flows through any single organ
cardiac circulation
- functional blood supply of the heart, shortest circulation in the body -the arterial supply of coronary circulation is provided by the right and left coronary arteries, both arising from the base of the aorta and encircling the heart in the coronary sinus
cardiac veins drain into…
the coronary sinus into the R. atrium
P wave in ECG
atrial depolarization, started by SA node
QRS Complex in ECG
-ventricular depolarization starting at apex -atrial repolarization occurs
T-wave in ECG
ventricular repolarization begins at apex
P-Q in ECG
- atrial depolarization complete, wave delayed at AV node
S-T in ECG
ventricular depolarization complete
foramen ovale
-foramen ovale in the interatrial septum shunts blood from the R. atrium to the L. atrium -it closes from birth to form FOSSA OVALIS
ductus arteriosus
-ductus arteriosus is between pulmonary trunk and aortic arch shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta -it closes at birth to form the LIGAMENTUM ARTERIOSUM
granulocytes
-Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils -lobed nuclei, cytoplasmic granules that stain specifically with Wright’s stain
agranulocytes
lymphocytes, monocytes
