Lab Practical (7-9) Flashcards
omomyoids- rooneyia fossil traits
dental formula: 2.1.3.3
post-orbital bars
bunodont (rounded cusps)- frugivorous
diurnal, small orbits
omomyoids- necrolelmur fossil traits
bunodont molars- frugivorous
2.1.3.3/2.1.2.3
large orbits, nocturnal
leaping- long femur, partial fused tibia and fibula
Adapoids- adapis fossil traits
molar shearing crests, above kay’s threshold- folivorous diet
2.1.4.3
flaring zygomatic bones
prominent sagittal crest (large chewing muscles)
diurnal
arboreal quadruped, non leaping short calcaneus
Adapoids- smilodectes
developed shearing crests, 2.1.4.3, 2-3 kg- folivory
hindlimb long vs forelimbs (low intermembral index) - quadruped leaping
deep patellar groove, for knee joint during leaping
Anthropoid- catopithecus
2.1.2.3
frugivore
post-orbital closure
mandibular symphysis unfused
arboreal quadraped
fused frontal bone
Catarrrhine- aegyptopithecus
sexually dimorphic
frugivorous/folivorous
post-orbital closure
arboreal quadruped
2.1.2.3
Hominoid- proconsul
2.1.2.3
sexual dimorphism
y-5 molar pattern
tail absent
round capitulum
well develop deltoid tuberosity
Hominoid- Sivapithecus
narrow inter orbital distance
oval shaped orbits (pongo: tall, oval pan: circular/squared)
procumbent pre-maxilla, outward slope
well develop deltoid tuberosity
Anthropoids…
post orbital closure
2.1.2.3 dental formula
Prosimians…
lack full post orbital closure
Robust Australopithecines
Large cheek teeth
Extreme chewing muscles
large lateral zygomatic flare, extreme post orbital constriction
sagittal crest
Gracile Australopithecines
Large cheek teeth
small lateral zygomatic flare
large termporalis muscle
area for zygomatic arch
smaller post orbital constriction
Lumbar lordosis
lumbar vertebrae in humans and australopithecine are dorsally wedged allowing for bipedalism
Medio-laterally directed iliac blades
the gluteus medius and minimus are arranged to prevent the collapsing the hip joint when the body is supported on one leg, bipedalism!
Valgus knee
high bicondylar angle at the distal femur (knee joint), brings knees closer together, allows bipeds to place its feet directly below center of gravity (no bow legged)
adducted and robust hallux
less movement needed for toes grasping trees in humans, robust first metatarsal because it is pushed off of when walking
reduced canines
diets begin changing
parabolic shaped dental arcade
apes have more U shaped jaw, humans circled out more.
megadontia
very large cheek teeth, australopithecines in both robust and gracile
laterally projecting zygomatic arches
happens when harder chewing is necessary, more prominent in robust australopithecines, master and temporals muscle
Allen’s Rule
Long limbs (distal) promote heat dissipation, short limbs promote heat retention
Bergmann’s Rule
greater surface area to body mass promotes heat dissipation, smaller sa to body mass promotes heat retention
Homo Species Chronological order w/cite founded
Homo habilis Homo rudolfensis - Ethiopia
Homo erectus - Africa
Homo Floresiensis - Indonesia
Homo luzonensis - Philippines
Homo heidelbergensis - Europe, Africa
Homo neanderthalensis - Spain
Homo sapiens - Africa
Homo sapiens idaltu
Homo sapiens sapiens
Here Rudolph earns flowers. Luckily, he now solves sudden incomes silly spiders.
Even all incomes please everyone somewhere always.
Homo Cranial evolution
brow ridge becomes more gracile over time, forehead heightens/develops, location of skull moves from occipital position to parietal position, jaw decreases, teeth are smaller, chin is absent in everything but Homo sapiens
Anatomically modern human traits
high rounded cranium
braincase widest near top of skull
more vertical forehead
large cranial capacity
absence of alveolar/ midfacial prognathism
reduced brow ridge
parabolic palate
prominent mental eminence (chin)
