Lab Practical (7-9)

Question 1

omomyoids- rooneyia fossil traits

Answer 1

dental formula: 2.1.3.3
post-orbital bars
bunodont (rounded cusps)- frugivorous
diurnal, small orbits

Question 2

omomyoids- necrolelmur fossil traits

Answer 2

bunodont molars- frugivorous
2.1.3.3/2.1.2.3
large orbits, nocturnal
leaping- long femur, partial fused tibia and fibula

Question 3

Adapoids- adapis fossil traits

Answer 3

molar shearing crests, above kay’s threshold- folivorous diet
2.1.4.3
flaring zygomatic bones
prominent sagittal crest (large chewing muscles)
diurnal
arboreal quadruped, non leaping short calcaneus

Question 4

Adapoids- smilodectes

Answer 4

developed shearing crests, 2.1.4.3, 2-3 kg- folivory
hindlimb long vs forelimbs (low intermembral index) - quadruped leaping
deep patellar groove, for knee joint during leaping

Question 5

Anthropoid- catopithecus

Answer 5

2.1.2.3
frugivore
post-orbital closure
mandibular symphysis unfused
arboreal quadraped
fused frontal bone

Question 6

Catarrrhine- aegyptopithecus

Answer 6

sexually dimorphic
frugivorous/folivorous
post-orbital closure
arboreal quadruped
2.1.2.3

Question 7

Hominoid- proconsul

Answer 7

2.1.2.3
sexual dimorphism
y-5 molar pattern
tail absent
round capitulum
well develop deltoid tuberosity

Question 8

Hominoid- Sivapithecus

Answer 8

narrow inter orbital distance
oval shaped orbits (pongo: tall, oval pan: circular/squared)
procumbent pre-maxilla, outward slope
well develop deltoid tuberosity

Question 9

Anthropoids…

Answer 9

post orbital closure
2.1.2.3 dental formula

Question 10

Prosimians…

Answer 10

lack full post orbital closure

Question 11

Robust Australopithecines

Answer 11

Large cheek teeth
Extreme chewing muscles
large lateral zygomatic flare, extreme post orbital constriction
sagittal crest

Question 12

Gracile Australopithecines

Answer 12

Large cheek teeth
small lateral zygomatic flare
large termporalis muscle
area for zygomatic arch
smaller post orbital constriction

Question 13

Lumbar lordosis

Answer 13

lumbar vertebrae in humans and australopithecine are dorsally wedged allowing for bipedalism

Question 14

Medio-laterally directed iliac blades

Answer 14

the gluteus medius and minimus are arranged to prevent the collapsing the hip joint when the body is supported on one leg, bipedalism!

Question 15

Valgus knee

Answer 15

high bicondylar angle at the distal femur (knee joint), brings knees closer together, allows bipeds to place its feet directly below center of gravity (no bow legged)

Question 16

adducted and robust hallux

Answer 16

less movement needed for toes grasping trees in humans, robust first metatarsal because it is pushed off of when walking

Question 17

reduced canines

Answer 17

diets begin changing

Question 18

parabolic shaped dental arcade

Answer 18

apes have more U shaped jaw, humans circled out more.

Question 19

megadontia

Answer 19

very large cheek teeth, australopithecines in both robust and gracile

Question 20

laterally projecting zygomatic arches

Answer 20

happens when harder chewing is necessary, more prominent in robust australopithecines, master and temporals muscle

Question 21

Allen’s Rule

Answer 21

Long limbs (distal) promote heat dissipation, short limbs promote heat retention

Question 22

Bergmann’s Rule

Answer 22

greater surface area to body mass promotes heat dissipation, smaller sa to body mass promotes heat retention

Question 23

Homo Species Chronological order w/cite founded

Answer 23

Homo habilis Homo rudolfensis - Ethiopia
Homo erectus - Africa
Homo Floresiensis - Indonesia
Homo luzonensis - Philippines
Homo heidelbergensis - Europe, Africa
Homo neanderthalensis - Spain
Homo sapiens - Africa
Homo sapiens idaltu
Homo sapiens sapiens
Here Rudolph earns flowers. Luckily, he now solves sudden incomes silly spiders.
Even all incomes please everyone somewhere always.

Question 24

Homo Cranial evolution

Answer 24

brow ridge becomes more gracile over time, forehead heightens/develops, location of skull moves from occipital position to parietal position, jaw decreases, teeth are smaller, chin is absent in everything but Homo sapiens

Question 25

Anatomically modern human traits

Answer 25

high rounded cranium
braincase widest near top of skull
more vertical forehead
large cranial capacity
absence of alveolar/ midfacial prognathism
reduced brow ridge
parabolic palate
prominent mental eminence (chin)