Lab Practical (1-4) Flashcards
cranial
superior, toward head of body
caudal
inferior, toward tail end, opposite of head/cranial
ventral
anterior for humans, toward belly (think ventriloquist)
dorsal
toward back, (think dorsal fin on back)
medial
toward midline, middle of body)
lateral
opposite of medial, away from midline (think to the Left)
proximal
near axial skeleton (think close in proximity)
distal
opposite of proximal (think distant)
sagital plane
right and left halves
coronal plane
front and back halves
transverse plane
top and bottom halves, perp. to sag. (think trans)
medial in mouth
midline at front of mouth
distal in mouth
very opposite of medial, behind molars (think distant)
lingual in mouth
toward tongue (think Language)
buccal in mouth
toward cheeks (think bucees - big cheeks)
occlusal
chewing surface of each tooth
flexion
to flex, bending movement of limb
extension
extending limbs, pop of flexion
abduction
move body part away from midline sag. (think abducting away)
adduction
opp. of abduct, adding towards midline sag
rotation
rotate limbs on long axis
pronation
to turn limbs palm face down (think Posterior)
supination
to turn limbs palm face up (think wassup)
strepsirrhines- who and where
Lemurs- only found in Madagascar (southeastern coast of Africa)
Lorises- found in both mainland and Africa and Asia
Galagos- only found in mainland Africa
strepsirrhines- features
post orbital bar
grooming claws (only streps)
tooth comb (only streps)
rhinarium
nocturnal
Halplorhini- features
no toothcomb
post orbital bar and plate
no rhinarium
fused frontal bone
diurnal
Platyrrhini
2.1.3.3 (premolars)
arboreal
low sexual dimorphism
nostrils face forward
Catarrhini
2.1.2.3
arboreal & terrestrial
nostrils downwards
diurnal
some high sexual dimorphism
Cercopithecoidea
bilophodant molars (4 cusps)
thorax is M-L narrow
tail present
Hominoidea
Y-5 molars
tail absent
Calltrichinae
2.1.3.2
give birth to twins
re evolved claws
ex: tamarin, marmoset
Cercopithinae
mostly frugivorous
low molar cusps
broad incisors
more terrestrial
cheek pouches
ex: baboon
Colibinae
mostly folivorous
narrow incisors
high molar cusps
sacculated stomach
more arboreal
ex: black and white colobus monkey
Hylobatidae
lesser apes
small bodied
true brachiation
ex: gibbon
Ponginae
Asia
large bodied
mostly arboreal
ex: orangutan
Homininae
american apes
humans
gorillas
chimp
Frugivores- pros
fruit
High in energy and nutrients
easy to find and digest
Frugivores- cons
low in protein
seasonal
expend more energy in finding fruit
Frugivoore- body
broad incisors, low cusps, shorter shearing crests
larger: rely on leaves for protein
smaller: rely on insects for protein
Kay’s Threshold
all insectivorous primates < 500g
while all folivorous primates
> 500g
frugivorous primates span a broad range of body sizes (30g –
80 kg).
Jarmen Bell Principle
larger primates eat more abundant but lower quality foods
smaller primates tend to consume rarer but higher quality foods
Folivores- pros
leaves
mature leaves abundant
high in protein
easy to find
little energy to find them
Folivores-cons
young leaves seasonal
low in sugars
hard to digest and masticate
lots of energy to digest, but not find
need gut specializations
Folivores- body
Sacculated stomach or enlarged colon
elongated intestines
sharp, well developed shearing crests, narrower incisors than frugivores
larger primates
Insectivores- pros
insects
high in protein & carbs
abundant
Insectivores- cons
must hunt, hard catch
hard find
can be seasonal
energy expend to catch
Insectivores- body
sharp high molar cusps, shearing crests well developed to cut into exoskeleton
short simple gut
smaller primates
Omomyoids- rooneyia fossil traits
dental formula: 2.1.3.3
post-orbital bars
bunodont (rounded cusps)- frugivorous
diurnal, small orbits
omomyoids- necrolelmur fossil traits
bunodont molars- frugivorous
2.1.3.3/2.1.2.3
large orbits, nocturnal
leaping- long femur, partial fused tibia and fibula
Adapoids- adapis fossil traits
