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A & P 1 > Lab Practical 3 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 3 Flashcards

1
Q

gray scale; stimulated in low light

A

rods

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2
Q

color; stimulated in high light

A

cones

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of cones?

A
  1. red
  2. green
  3. blue
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4
Q

The eye is divided into what 2 sections?

A
  1. anterior

2. posterior

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5
Q

contains photoreceptors for vision

A

retina

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6
Q

the colored portion of the eye

A

iris

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7
Q

this structure changes shape to focus light on the retina

A

lens

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8
Q

the opening in the iris through which light passes

A

pupil

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9
Q

the iridescent portion of the choroid layer found in “nocturnal” animals

A

tapetum lucidum

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10
Q

consists of muscles, which control and shape the lens

A

ciliary body

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11
Q

the white of the eye

A

sclera

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12
Q

Trace the path of visual information to the brain.

A

object - cornea - pupil - retina - optic nerve - optic chiasma - optic tract - thalamus - occipital lobe

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13
Q

Information is divided into what 3 processing systems?

A
  1. shape
  2. color
  3. movement
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14
Q

moves eye upward (oculomotor nerve)

A

superior rectus

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15
Q

moves eye downward and outward (trochlear nerve)

A

superior oblique

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16
Q

moves eye inward (oculomotor nerve)

A

medial rectus

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17
Q

moves eye downward (oculomotor nerve)

A

inferior rectus

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18
Q

moves eye upward and outward (oculomotor nerve)

A

inferior oblique

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19
Q

moves eye outward (abducens nerve)

A

lateral rectus

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20
Q

The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to ______ but only slightly permeable to ________

A

K+; Na+

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21
Q

During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell?

A

both the electrical and chemical gradients

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22
Q

What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons?

A

-70mV

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23
Q

The concentrations of which ions is highest outside the axon?

A

Na+ and Cl-

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24
Q

What does the neuron use to move ions to compensate for Na+ and K+ leaks?

A

Na+/K+ pump

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25
Q

The Na+/K+ pump is a membrane _________ that uses _________ to move Na+ and K+ ions against their electrochemical gradients.

A

enzyme; active transport

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26
Q

To maintain the -70mV membrane potential the Na+/K+ pump continually moves _____ Na+ ions out of the neuron and _____ K+ ions into the neuron.

A

3;2

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27
Q

a transient change in the resting membrane potential from -70mV to +30mV, then back to -70mV

A

action potential

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28
Q

An action potential is caused by the opening of first _____ then ____ voltage-gated channels

A

Na+;K+

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29
Q

What area(s) of the neuron generate local signals that open the voltage-gated channels in the first part of the axon, thus causing an action potential to begin?

A

dendrites and cell body

30
Q

As the axon hillock depolarizes, voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+ moves __________ the cell causing further __________.

A

into; depolarization

31
Q

If depolarization reaches -55mV, an action potential will be generated. What is this -55mV trigger point called?

A

threshold

32
Q

The action potential is said to be a(n) ________ event

A

all or none

33
Q

The voltage gated Na+ channels in the neuron have a voltage sensitive gate and a _____ sensitive gate

A

time

34
Q

At the end of the depolarization phase, voltage gated _____ channels open to help restore the resting membrane potential.

A

K+

35
Q

At what point in an action potential do the voltage gated K+ channels open? When are the fully activated?

A

middle of depolarization (0mV)

once action potential has reached its peak

36
Q

At rest the Na+ channels are ______ and the K+ channels are ________.

A

closed; closed

37
Q

During depolarization, the Na+ channels are _______ and the K+ channels are ______ then _________

A

open; closed; open

38
Q

During repolarization, the Na+ channels are ______ then _______ and the K+ channels are _____

A

inactive; closed; open

39
Q

During hyperpolarization, the Na+ channels are _____ and the K+ channels are _______ then _______

A

closed; open; closed

40
Q

When threshold is reached, the Na+ channels are ____ and the K+ channels are _______

A

open; closed

41
Q

Depolarization is caused by the movement of which ion in what direction (in or out)?

A

sodium; into

42
Q

Repolarization is caused by the movement of which ion in what direction (in or out)?

A

potassium; out

43
Q

the period during which a neuron cannot generate another action potential, no matter how strong the stimulus

A

absolute refractory period

44
Q

the period during which an action potential can be generated if depolarized to a point greater than threshold

A

relative refractory period

45
Q

the speed with which an action potential is propagated

A

conduction velocity

46
Q

Conduction velocity depends on what 2 factors?

A
  1. diameter

2. myelination

47
Q

the areas of bare axon on an otherwise myelinated axon

A

nodes of ranvier

48
Q

an action potential jumping between the nodes of ranvier

A

saltitory conduction

49
Q

reflexes that we are not aware of and cannot control; includes pupillary, ciliospinal, and salivary reflexes

A

autonomic reflexes

50
Q 
autonomic reflex:
retina ---> receptor
optic nerve ---> afferent fibers
oculomotor nerve ---> efferent impulses to eye
smooth muscle of iris ---> effector
A

pupillary reflex

51
Q

reflexes that involve stimulation of skeletal muscle; includes stretch, crossed extensor, superficial cord, corneal, and gag reflexes

A

somatic reflexes

52
Q

somatic reflex:
maintains posture, balance, and locomotion; hypoactive in PN damage or ventral horn disease; hyperactive in corticospinal tract lesions; ex. patellar reflex

A

stretch reflex

53
Q

somatic reflex:
includes abdominal, cremaster, and plantar reflexes; results from pain and temperature changes; initiated by stimulation of receptors in skin and mucosae; depends on functional upper-motor pathways and cord-level reflex arc

A

superficial cord reflex

54
Q

somatic reflex:
mediated through trigeminal nerve; absence indicates damage to brain stem resulting from compression of brain or other trauma

A

corneal reflex

55
Q

in a reflex arc, the site of stimulus action

A

receptor

56
Q

in a reflex arc, sends afferent impulses to the CNS

A

sensory neuron

57
Q

in a reflex arc, one or more neurons in the CNS

A

integration center

58
Q

in a reflex arc, sends efferent impulses from the integration center to the effector organ

A

motor neuron

59
Q

in a reflex arc, responds to efferent impulses characteristically (muscle fibers or glands)

A

effector

60
Q

response or reflex observed on the opposite side of the body than the side that was stimulated

A

contralateral response

61
Q

any reflex occurring on the same side stimulated

A

ipsilateral response

62
Q

react to stimuli or changes within the body and in the external environment

A

sensory receptors

63
Q

react to touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold, stretch, vibration, and changes in position; distributed throughout the body

A

general senses

64
Q

include sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste; small, localized group of receptors

A

special senses

65
Q

react to stimuli in the external environment; typically found close to body surface; includes simple cutaneous receptors and special senses

A

exoreceptors

66
Q

respond to stimuli within the body; found in internal visceral organs; includes stretch and chemoreceptors

A

interoceptors/visceroceptors

67
Q

respond to internal stimuli but are restricted to skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and CT coverings of bone and muscle; provide information on position and degree of stretch

A

proprioreceptors

68
Q

cutaneous receptors:
respond chiefly to pain and temperature; form merkel (tactile) discs and hair follicle receptors which function as light touch receptors

A

free (naked) nerve endings

69
Q

cutaneous receptors:

respond to light touch; located in dermal papillae of hairless skin only

A

meissner’s (tactile) corpuscles

70
Q

cutaneous receptors:

respond to deep pressure and stretch stimuli

A

ruffini’s corpuscles

71
Q

cutaneous receptors:

respond to deep pressure when first applied; best suited to monitor high-frequency vibrations

A

pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles

A & P 1 (6 decks)

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