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A & P 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the levels of organization in an organism.

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. organ system level
  6. organismal level
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2
Q

What are the three main themes of this course?

A
  1. Interconnection between structure and function
  2. Integrative function
  3. Adaptive nature of our bodies: interrelationship between environment and body response
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3
Q

a set of organs that performs a particular function

A

system

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4
Q

regulation of stable internal body functions

A

homeostasis

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5
Q

“to cut apart”; study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other

A

anatomy

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6
Q

how the body functions

A

physiology

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7
Q
  1. Greek physician
  2. 460-377 BC
  3. Father of Western Medicine
  4. First to separate disease from superstition
A

Hippocrates

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8
Q

ethical code of conduct for medical professionals

A

Hippocratic Oath

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9
Q

established the first university (The Academy); served as a mentor to Aristotle

A

Plato

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10
Q

first to perform dissection; plato’s student

A

Aristotle

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11
Q

2nd century BC; vivisections of criminals

A

Herophilus & Eristratus

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12
Q

129 AD; vivisections of pigs/primates; wrote anatomy textbook used for 1500 years

A

Galen

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13
Q

What happened during the Middle Ages?

A

study of anatomy was outlawed

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14
Q

What happened during the Renaissance?

A

anatomical interest/knowledge reestablished

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15
Q

What happened during the 17th and 18th centuries?

A

anatomists like celebrities; people paid to see dissections in large ampitheaters

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16
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of anatomy?

A

gross (macroscopic)

microscopic

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17
Q

study of tissues

A

histology

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18
Q

study of cells

A

cytology

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19
Q

microscope that shows tissues and beyond (500000X)

A

scanning electron microscope

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20
Q

typical microscope used in lab

A

compound light microscope

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21
Q

microscope that shows cells and beyond (1000000X)

A

transmission electron microscope

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22
Q

Who is associate with the x-ray image?

A

Wilhelm Rontgen

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23
Q

In x-ray images, more dense structures show up _____.

A

white

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24
Q

In x-ray images, less dense structures show up ______.

A

black

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25
Q

diagnostic imaging tool that uses x-rays to look at the brain and abdomen

A

computed tomography (CT)

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26
Q

diagnostic imaging tool that uses sound waves and is used mostly in obstetrics

A

ultrasound

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27
Q

diagnostic imaging tool that uses radio waves and magnets to look at soft tissues

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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28
Q

diagnostic imaging tool that uses radioactive substances to look at the brain and metabolism

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

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29
Q

two sided

A

bilateral

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30
Q

located on same side of body

A

ipsilateral

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31
Q

located on opposite sides of body

A

contralateral

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32
Q

body plane that separates anterior and posterior

A

frontal

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33
Q
  1. body plane that separates lateral and medial
  2. midline
  3. off midline
A
  1. sagittal
  2. midsagittal
  3. parasagittal
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34
Q

body plane that separates superior and inferior

A

transverse

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35
Q

What are the 2 dorsal body cavities?

A
  1. cranial (brain)

2. vertebral (spine)

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36
Q

What are the 2 main ventral cavities?

A
  1. thorastic

2. abdominopelvic

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37
Q

What are the 3 parts of the thorastic cavity?

A
  1. pleural
  2. mediastinum
  3. pericardial
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38
Q

What are the 2 parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A
  1. abdominal (digestive organs)

2. pelvic (urinary, reproductive)

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39
Q

What separates the abdominopelvic and thorastic cavities?

A

diaphram

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40
Q

membrane type that is thin and double-layered; lines walls of ventral body cavity and outer surfaces of organs

A

serosa (serous membranes)

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41
Q

inflammation of pleura(e)

A

pleurisy

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42
Q

inflammation of peritoneum

A

peritonitis

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43
Q

the basic structural and functional unit of the body

A

cell

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44
Q

small cells with no nucleus

A

red blood cells

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45
Q

cylindrical, multi-nucleated, long cells

A

skeletal muscle cells

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46
Q

cell body with axon and dendrites

A

neuron

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47
Q

flagellated cells

A

sperm cells

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48
Q

separates inside of cell (intracellular) from outside of cell (extracellular); controls what enters/exits cells; very thin (5-10 nanometers)

A

plasma/cell membrane

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49
Q

The lipid bilayer contains ______, _________, and _______

A

phospholipids
glycolipids
cholestrol

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50
Q

The polar head of a phospholipid is (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

A

hydrophilic

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51
Q

The non-polar tail of a phospholipid is (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)

A

hydrophobic

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52
Q

lipids with sugar groups attached

A

glycolipids

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53
Q

dynamic assembly of saturated phospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol; on outer membrane surface; important for various functions

A

lipid rafts

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54
Q

What are the 2 plasma membrane proteins?

A
  1. integral proteins

2. peripheral proteins

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55
Q

plasma membrane proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer; most are transmembrane (whole width of lipid bilayer)

A

integral plasma membrane proteins

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56
Q

What are the 5 functions of integral and peripheral plasma membrane proteins?

A
  1. transport
  2. receptor
  3. enzyme
  4. cell junctions
  5. cell identity
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57
Q

let certain substances pass in/out of cells

A

channels

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58
Q

substance binding; induces conformational change

A

carrier protein

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59
Q

binds substances; relays messages to interior cells

A

receptor

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60
Q

integral proteins of neighboring cells fuse together

A

tight junctions

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61
Q

like “velcro”; protein filaments extend from adjacent cells and link together

A

desosomes

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62
Q

channels of adjacent cells connect

A

gap junctions

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63
Q

signatures on cell that gives it specific identity via glycoproteins

A

cell identity

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64
Q

material between plasma membrane and nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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65
Q

What 2 things are contained in the cytoplasm?

A
  1. cytosol

2. organelles

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66
Q

thick, semi-transparent, jelly-like fluid; mostly water but also contains proteins, salts/irons, and sugars

A

cytosol

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67
Q

organelle that contains DNA

A

nucleus

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68
Q

organelle that performs cellular respiration; contains its own DNA

A

mitochondria

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69
Q

organelle that makes proteins

A

ribosomes

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70
Q

organelle involved in protein synthesis and packaging; has many functions

A

endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

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71
Q

organelle that is the processing center and modifies and packages proteins

A

golgi apparatus

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72
Q

organelle that serves as the cleaning crew (enzymes)

A

lysosomes

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73
Q

organelle involved in structural support and cell movements (contains microtubules and microfilaments)

A

cytoskeleton

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74
Q

affects specific enzymes found in lysosomes (specifically nerve cell enzymes); lipids accumulate; nerve cells lose function leading to death (4-5 years lifespan)

A

Tay Sach’s Disease

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75
Q

many different types; symptoms from muscle weakness to poor growth, seizures, and organ failure

A

mitochondrial diseases

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76
Q

The plasma membrane is _______ permeable.

A

selectively (differentially)

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77
Q

The way substances move across a membrane depends on the _________.

A

electrochemical gradient

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78
Q

concentration gradient + electrical gradient across plasma membrane and which direction substance needs to go

A

electrochemical gradient

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79
Q

type of transport that does not require ATP

A

passive transport

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80
Q

type of transport that requires ATP

A

active transport

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81
Q

diffusion in which substances pass through the lipid bilayer (lipid soluble molecules, small molecules)

A

simple diffusion

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82
Q

diffusion in which substances move across the membrane by protein channels or carrier proteins (glucose, amino acids, ions)

A

facilitated diffusion

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83
Q

process in which water is moving through a semi-permeable membrane (low to high concentration)

A

osmosis

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84
Q

total concentration of solutes in a solution

A

osmolarity

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85
Q

movement of solutes and water from high pressure to low pressure (faster rate than diffusion and osmosis)

A

bulk flow (filtration)

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86
Q

active transport in which large substances are transported in vesicles

A

bulk (vesicular) transport

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87
Q

bringing a substance into the cell

A

endocytosis

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88
Q

engulfing molecules/bacteria (cell eating)

A

phagocytosis

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89
Q

engulfing water (cell drinking)

A

pinocytosis

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90
Q

removing substances from the cell

A

exocytosis

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91
Q

active transport type that involves ATP and transport proteins to move substances against the concentration gradient (ex. Na+/K+ pump)

A

primary active transport

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92
Q

active transport type in which there is simultaneous movement of 2 substances through transport proteins; one provides energy to move the other

A

secondary active transport

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93
Q

secondary active transport in which the substances are going the same direction

A

co-transport (symport)

94
Q

secondary active transport in which the substances are going different directions

A

counter-transport (antiport)

95
Q

the difference in electrical charge across a plasma membrane

A

membrane potential

96
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

about -70mV

97
Q

During resting membrane potential, the inside of the cell has an overall _____ charge relative to the outside

A

negative

98
Q

Na+/K+ pumps (active transport) maintains the _______.

A

resting membrane potential

99
Q

a group of cells similar in structure that serve a similar, specialized function

A

tissues

100
Q

What are the 4 major categories of tissues?

A
  1. epithelial (covering)
  2. connective (support)
  3. muscle (movement)
  4. nervous (communication and control)
101
Q

What are the 3 functions of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. covers body surfaces
  2. lines body cavities and ducts
  3. forms glands
102
Q

What are the 5 functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. protects and supports body and organs
  2. binds tissue together
  3. stores energy
  4. insulates
  5. transport substances
103
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

allows for movement through active generation of force

104
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

initiates, transmits, and interprets impulses that coordinate the body

105
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissues:

  1. cells closely packed with very little ________.
  2. all have specialized ____ to ____ contact (tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions)
  3. have top (apical surface) and bottom (basal surface) known as ______
  4. always attached to _______ tissue via basement membrane
  5. no blood supply, so _____
  6. high regeneration rate; _______ to replace lost cells
  7. specializations include _________ and __________
A
  1. extracellular space
  2. cell to cell
  3. polarity
  4. connective
  5. avascular
  6. mitosis
  7. cilia (ex. nasal cavity and trachea); microvilli (cytoplasmic extensions)(e.g small intestines)
106
Q

Epithelial tissue arrangement:

  1. single layer of cells
  2. 2+ layers of cells
  3. single layer that looks like multiple layers
  4. many layers; cells can stretch
A
  1. simple
  2. stratified
  3. pseudostratified
  4. transitional
107
Q

Epithelial tissue shape:

  1. scale-like
  2. cube
  3. column
A
  1. squamous
  2. cuboidal
  3. columnar
108
Q

Simple squamous epithelium:

  1. function (2)
  2. location (3)
A
  1. diffusion/filtration

2. lining of heart, blood vessels, and ventral body cavity

109
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium:

  1. function (2)
  2. location (4)
A
  1. secretion/absorption

2. kidney tubules, ducts, ovaries, small glands

110
Q

simple columnar epithelium:

  1. function (2)
  2. location (4)
A
  1. secretion/absorption

2. digestive tract, fallopian tubes, gallbladder, upper respiratory tract

111
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (3)
A
  1. secretion (mucous)

2. upper respiratory tract, trachea, sperm-carrying ducts

112
Q

stratified squamous epithelium:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (4)
A
  1. protects underlying tissues

2. linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina; skin (keratinized)

113
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (1)
A
  1. protection

2. ducts of large glands

114
Q

stratified columnar epithelium:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (2)
A
  1. protection

2. male urethra, pharynx

115
Q

transitional epithelium:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (3)
A
  1. stretches readily

2. bladder, ureters, urethra

116
Q

simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

A

endothelium

117
Q

simple squamous epithelium that makes up the serosa (often in pleural cavity)

A

mesothelium

118
Q

one or more cells that make and secrete a product

A

glands

119
Q

glands that produce hormones and secrete into the bloodstream via exocytosis

A

endocrine glands

120
Q

glands that secrete products onto the body

A

exocrine glands

121
Q

What are the 2 types of unicellular exocrine glands?

A
  1. mucous cells

2. goblet cells

122
Q

What are the 2 functions of unicellular exocrine glands?

A
  1. produce mucin (+ water = mucous) (glycoprotein)

2. secrete product by exocytosis

123
Q

exocrine gland type that consists of a duct and secretory unit

A

multicellular exocrine glands

124
Q

Duct type of multicellular exocrine glands:

  1. unbranched duct
  2. branched duct
A
  1. simple

2. compound

125
Q

secretory unit of multicellular exocrine glands:

  1. secretory cells form small sacs
  2. secretory cells form tubes
  3. alveolar + tubular
A
  1. alveolar (acinar)
  2. tubular
  3. tubuloalveolar
126
Q

The ________ classification of exocrine glands is based on how the product is secreted.

A

functional

127
Q

exocrine glands that involve whole membrane budding (ex. sebaceous glands)

A

holocrine

128
Q

exocrine glands that involve membrane budding

A

apocrine

129
Q

exocrine glands that secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced (ex. sweat and salivary glands)

A

merocrine

130
Q

gel-like substance surrounding the cell; part of extracellular matrix of CT

A

ground substance

131
Q

fibers found in extracellular matrix of CT made of collagen (a fibrous protein)

A

collagen fibers

132
Q

fibers found in extracellular matrix of CT made of elastin (a rubber-like protein)

A

elastic fibers

133
Q

fibers found in extracellular matrix of CT made of collagen (thinnest) (branch extensively)

A

reticular fibers

134
Q

CT cells that eats foreign molecules (phagocytosis)

A

macrophages

135
Q

CT cells that secrete fibers until they mature into fibrocytes

A

fibroblasts

136
Q

CT cells that deal with the immune response

A

leukocytes (WBC)

137
Q

CT cells that deal with inflammatory response

A

mast cells

138
Q

fat cell

A

adipocytes

139
Q

What are the 3 types of loose CT?

A
  1. areolar
  2. adipose
  3. reticular
140
Q

What are the 3 types of dense CT?

A
  1. regular
  2. irregular
  3. dense elastic
141
Q

Areolar loose CT:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (1)
  3. responsible for _____
A
  1. wraps and cushions organs
  2. widely distributed under epithelia of body
  3. edema
142
Q

Adipose loose CT:

  1. function (3)
  2. location (5)
A
  1. provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
  2. under skin in subcutaneous tissue. kidneys, eyeballs, abdomen, breasts
143
Q

Babies have mainly _____ adipose tissue, while adults have mainly ______ adipose tissue.

A

brown, white

144
Q

Reticular loose CT:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (1)
A
  1. fibers form soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types
  2. lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
145
Q

dense regular CT:

  1. primarily _____ fibers
  2. major cell type is ______
  3. function (2)
  4. location (3)
A
  1. collagen
  2. fibroblast
  3. attaches muscle to bone or muscle; attaches bone to bone
  4. tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
146
Q

attach bone to bone

A

ligaments

147
Q

attach muscle to bone

A

tendons

148
Q

attach muscle to muscle or bone; sheet-like

A

aponeuroses

149
Q

“plastic wrap” for muscles; wraps muscles with nerve fibers and vessels

A

fascia

150
Q

dense irregular CT:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (3)
A
  1. withstands tension exerted in many directions

2. joint capsules, dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract

151
Q

dense elastic CT:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (3)
A
  1. allows tissue to recoil after stretching

2. walls of large arteries, ligaments assc. with vertebral column, wall of bronchial tubes

152
Q

characteristics of cartilage:

  1. matrix = ______ (up to 80% water)
  2. avascular = nutrients from blood vessels in ________
  3. cells called chondroblasts, which mature into _______
  4. can withstand _____ and stress and compression
  5. At what developmental stage would the chondroblasts stop secreting matrix?
A
  1. gel-like
  2. perichondrium
  3. chondrocytes
  4. tension
  5. late teen
153
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
154
Q

hyaline cartilage:

  1. function (2)
  2. location (6)
A
  1. supports and reinforces

2. embryonic skeleton, ends of long bones in joint cavities, costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea, larynx

155
Q

elastic cartilage:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (2)
A
  1. maintains shape of structure while allowing flexibility

2. external ear (pinna), epiglottis

156
Q

fibrocartilage:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (3)
A
  1. tensile strength allows absorption from shock

2. intervertebral disks, knee joint, pubis bone

157
Q

characteristics of bone:

  1. matrix (_____ salts and ______ fibers)
  2. vascularized or avascular?
  3. cells called osteoblasts, mature into _______
A
  1. calcium, collagen
  2. vascularized
  3. osteocytes
158
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A
  1. compact

2. spongy

159
Q

fundamental unit of bone (Haversian System)

A

osteon

160
Q

bone matrix rings

A

lamella

161
Q

spaces in bone containing osteocytes

A

lacuna

162
Q

Haversian Canal

A

central canal

163
Q

transverse canals of bone

A

Volkmann’s canal

164
Q

microscopic canals between lacunae

A

canaliculi

165
Q

thin plates of bone

A

trabeculae

166
Q

What are the 4 differences between compact and spongy bone?

A
  1. spongy has trabeculae
  2. spongy has no osteons
  3. spongy has irregular shaped lamella
  4. spongy has no central/volkmann’s canal
167
Q

the matrix of blood is made up of ______ and is about 90% water

A

plasma

168
Q

small blood cells with no nucleus (O2 and CO2 transport)

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

169
Q

large nucleated blood cells

A

white blood cells (leukocytes)

170
Q

What are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. lymphocytes
  3. monocytes
  4. eosinophils
  5. basophils
171
Q

blood clotting part of blood

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

172
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
173
Q

skeletal muscle:

  1. function (2)
  2. location (1)
  3. long, cylindrical, multinucleate, has _______
  4. cell membrane of striated muscle fiber cell
  5. cytoplasm of skeletal/cardiac muscle
A
  1. voluntary movement; locomotion
  2. skeletal muscles attached to bone
  3. striations
  4. sarcolemma
  5. sarcoplasm
174
Q

blood:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (1)
A
  1. transport respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste

2. blood vessels

175
Q

cardiac muscle:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (1)
  3. branching
  4. striated
  5. uninucleate
  6. What is it’s distinguishing feature?
A
  1. contracts to propel blood in circulation
  2. heart
  3. intercalated disks
176
Q

smooth muscle:

  1. function (1)
  2. location (1)
  3. What shape?
  4. central ______
  5. striations?
A
  1. propels substances along passageways
  2. walls of hollow organs
  3. spindle-shaped
  4. nuclei
  5. no
177
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons

178
Q

part of neuron that receives and responds to stimuli

A

dendrites

179
Q

part of neuron that sends electrical impulses throughout the body

A

axon

180
Q

neurons:

  1. function (2)
  2. location (1)
A
  1. coordination and communication

2. brain and spinal cord

181
Q

different tissues put together to form a specialized function

A

membrane

182
Q

What are the 4 types of membranes?

  1. skin
  2. line ventral body cavity and organs
  3. line body cavities open to exterior
  4. line joint cavities
A
  1. cutaneous
  2. serous
  3. mucous
  4. synovial
183
Q

What is the body’s biggest organ?

A

skin

184
Q

What is the surface area of an individual’s skin?

A

about 20 square feet

185
Q

How many skin cells are lost per minute by an individual?

A

40,000 - 50,000

186
Q

What weight of skin cells is lost by an individual every year?

A

about 9 pounds

187
Q

How often does our skin renew itself?

A

about every 35 days (so by the time a person is 20, their skin has been replaced 200 times)

188
Q

skin + hair + nails + glands

A

integumentary system

189
Q

What are the 5 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. barrier (protects from bacteria, water, uv rays)
  2. regulates body temp
  3. makes vitamin D
  4. excretes waste
  5. sensory (lots of sensory receptors)
190
Q

What are the 3 regions of the skin?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis (superficial fascia)
191
Q

cells that produce keratin (tough protein)

A

keratinocytes

192
Q

cells that produce melanin (skin color, UV protection)

A

melanocytes

193
Q

cells that deal with immune functions

A

dendritic cells

194
Q

sensory receptor cells for touch

A

tactile cells

195
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis (deep to superficial)?

A
  1. stratum basale (germinativum)
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum (only in soles/palms)
  5. stratum corneum
196
Q

characteristics of stratum basale:

  1. single layer of _____ or _____ epithelial cells
  2. actively _______
  3. daughter cells pushed up into stratum ______
  4. most designated to become _______
  5. some migrate into dermis to form epidermal _______ (e.g. hair, nails)
  6. contains ______ and some _____ cells
A
  1. cuboidal or columnar
  2. mitotic
  3. spinosum
  4. keratinocytes
  5. derivatives
  6. melanocytes and dendritic cells
197
Q

pigment that gives skin its color (red to yellow to brownish black)

A

melanin

198
Q

Our ancestors oriented in the _____ and originally produced ______ amounts of melanin. Humans that migrated to less sunny areas produced ______ melanin, and thus had a ______ skin color.

A

tropics; greater; less; lighter

199
Q

genetic disorder in which the melanocytes do not produce melanin; these individuals have pink skin, white hair, and unpigmented irises

A

albinism

200
Q

characteristics of stratum spinosum (prickly layer):

  1. many layers of ______ joined by _______
  2. _______ granules
  3. _____ cells
  4. cells have _______ filaments
A
  1. keratinocytes, desmosomes
  2. melanin
  3. dendritic
  4. pre-keratin
201
Q

characteristics of stratum granulosum (granular layer):

  1. ______ layers of keratinocytes
  2. first step of ________ occurs here during which cells _____, nucleus and organelles _____, granules _______ (producing glycolipids/keratin), and cells ______.
A
  1. 3-5

2. keratinization; flatten; break down; accumulate; die

202
Q

characteristics of stratum lucidum (clear layer):

  1. ______ layers of dead keratinocytes (flat)
  2. only seen in ______
A
  1. 2-3

2. palms/soles

203
Q

characteristics of stratum corneum:

  1. ________ layers of dead, flat keratinocytes filled with _____
  2. prevents water loss and protects underlying layers from ________
A
  1. 20-30; keratin

2. abrasion

204
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A
  1. papillary (20%)

2. reticular (80%)

205
Q

papillary layer of dermis:

  1. what kind of tissue?
  2. vascularized or not?
  3. what contributes to fingerprints?
  4. nerve endings and touch receptors known as what?
A
  1. areolar loose CT
  2. highly vascularized
  3. dermal ridges
  4. meissner’s corpuscles
206
Q

reticular layer of dermis:

  1. what kind of tissue?
  2. what fibers give strength?
  3. what fibers stretch and recoil allowing the skin to grow and shrink?
A
  1. dense irregular CT
  2. collagen fibers
  3. elastic fibers
207
Q

tears in the dermis

A

stretch marks

208
Q

hypodermis (superficial fascia):

  1. not part of ____
  2. mostly ____ tissue
  3. anchors skin to underlying tissue but is ____ enough to allow ____ of skin
A
  1. skin
  2. adipose
  3. loose, movement
209
Q

region of hair that sticks out from the skin

A

shaft

210
Q

region of hair that is in the follicle

A

root

211
Q

layer of keratinized cells in hair that is heavily keratinized; arranged like overlapping shingles

A

cuticle

212
Q

layer of keratinized cells in hair that contains hard keratin with injected melanin

A

cortex

213
Q

layer of keratinized cells in hair that are large and have air spaces

A

medulla

214
Q

What are the 2 parts of the hair bulb?

  1. for hair growth (provides nutrients and signals hair growth)
  2. sensory nerve endings
A
  1. papilla

2. root hair plexus

215
Q

smooth muscle attached to hair follicle; contracts to erect hair; causes goosebumps

A

arrector pili

216
Q

part of hair that produces oil

A

sebaceous gland

217
Q

any type of hair loss; can be caused by: genetics, aging, autoimmune disease, hormonal imbalance, illness, severe stress, medications, malnutrition

A

alopecia

218
Q

specialized epithelial cells with hard keratin

A

nails

219
Q

part of nail that extends beyond the distal edge of the fingertip

A

free edge

220
Q

the visible attached portion of the nail

A

nail body

221
Q

the proximal edge of the nail that is embedded in the skin

A

nail root

222
Q

epidermal layers of nail deep to the nail body

A

nail bed

223
Q

thickened proximal portion of nail bed

A

nail matrix

224
Q

What type of gland is this?

  1. merocrine
  2. simple tubular
  3. soles, palms, axillary (armpit), and anogenital areas
A

sweat (sweat) gland

225
Q

What type of gland is this?

  1. apocrine/merocrine
  2. compound alveolar
A

mammary (milk)

226
Q

What type of gland is this?

  1. holocrine
  2. simple alveolar
  3. everywhere except soles/palms
  4. associated with hair follicles
  5. form protective barrier
  6. guards against viruses/bacteria
A

sebaceous glands (oil - sebum)

227
Q

What type of gland is this?

  1. holocrine
  2. simple tubular
  3. ear
A

ceruminous (wax - cerumen)

228
Q

inherited disease; problem with hemoglobin in RBC; causes retracted gums, skin lesions, scarring, sensitivity to light; fingers, toes, nose disfigurement; garlic makes it worse

A

porphyria

229
Q

uncontrolled division of skin cells

A

skin cancer

230
Q

Basal cell carcinoma is the cancer of cells in which epidermal layer? It is slow growing and slow to metastasize

A

stratum basale

231
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma is cancer of cells in what layer? grows rapidly, can metastasize if not caught early

A

stratum spinosum

232
Q

melanoma is skin cancer of what layer? can metastasize quickly

A

stratum basale (melanin)

A & P 1 (6 decks)

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