Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
What causes the polarity in a water molecule?
a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge near the hydrogen atoms
what are the 3 water sources?
drinking water
feed water
metabolic water
whats feed water?
moisture in feed that’s not chemically bound to the feed nutrients; varies with feed source
How much feed water do grains have?
8-12%
How much feed water do forages have?
5% in hays and 90% in lush pastures
How much feed water do silages have?
30-50%
What’s dry matter?
what’s left after all water is evaporated out of a feed
What does dry matter indicate?
The amount of nutrients available to the animal in a certain feed
What does the daily amount of Dry Matter consumed depend on in livestock?
Weight and stage of production
How much water do pigs drink per day?
2.5-5 gal
How much water do sheep drink per day?
1-4 gal
How much water do cattle drink per day?
8-16 gal
How much water do horses drink per day?
10-14 gal
how many part of water are required for DM consumption in poultry and swine?
2 parts water to 1 part DM
What’s metabolic water?
Chemically bound and released when nutrients or body tissues are broken down during metabolism
What’s the metabolic water of CHO?
0.6 water/ g
What’s the metabolic water of CP?
0.4 water/g
What’s the metabolic water of fat?
1.0 water/g
What could contribute to water loss?
feces
urine
dissipation on skin
milk
eggs
What are proteins?
organic compounds that contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
How’s crude protein measured?
nitrogen content is measured and multiplied by 6.25
What is included in an AA structure?
Carboxyl group
Amino group
R group
Hydrogen Atom
Chiral Carbon
What kind of bonds does the primary structure have?
peptide bonds
What’s stabilizing the secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds
Are the R groups active or inactive in the tertiary structure?
inactive
Are the R groups active or inactive in the quarternary structure?
active and stabilized by the R groups
What’s the primary structure?
chain of AA
What’s the secondary structure?
Beta pleated sheets or alpha helix
What’s the tertiary structure?
3D structure
Quarternary Structure
combo of 2 or more proteins
What makes up a Carbohydrate?
C, H, O
1:2:1 ratio
What’s a monosaccharide?
simple sugar
1 molecule of sugar
pentoses(5C) or hexoses(6C)
Glucose
most important sugar in nutrition
component of disaccharides and starches
Monosaccharide
Fructose
fruit sugar
found in grasses
Monosaccharide
Galactose
component of milk sugar(lactose)
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
2 monosaccharides linked together with a glycosidic bond
What’s a glycosidic bond?
CHO specific
Sucrose
glucose+fructose
most common disaccharide
Disaccharide
Lactose
galactose+glucose
milk sugar
Disaccharide
Maltose
Alpha glucose+Alpha glucose
created mainly when starch is broken down by amylase
Disaccharide
Cellobiose
Beta glucose+Beta glucose
no one can break down
Disaccharide
Oligosaccharide
3-10 monosaccharides
Trisaccharides and Tetrasaccharides
Polysaccharides
> 10 monosaccharides
Starch
Amylose and Amylopectin
Polysaccharide
Amylose
unbranched chain of alpha linked glucose units
Amylopectin
highly branched chain of alpha linked glucose units
Fiber
Cellulose and Hemicellulose
Polysaccharide
Cellulose
Beta 1-4 linkages
Hemicellulose
Beta 1-4 linkages
Non-Structural CHO
Sugars and Starches
Non-Fiber CHO
Sugars, Starches, and Pectin
Structural CHO
Pectin, Hemicellulose, cellulose, and Lignin
Neutral Detergent Fiber
Pectin, Hemicellulose, cellulose, and Lignin
Acid Detergent Fiber
cellulose and lignin
What’s a lipid composed of?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
What do lipids do?
energy storage is 2x the amount of CHO
carriers of fat-soluble vitamins
found in cell membranes
play an important role in cell communication and protection
What’s emulsification?
breakdown of large lipid globules
What happens when ingesta enters the duodenum?
hormonal response to release bile
How is a micelle formed?
bile salts surround long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides
Triglyceride is
long chain fatty acids+monoglycerides
Chylomicron is
triglycerides+proteins
