Exam 3 Flashcards
Microminerals
Cobalt (Co)
Iodine(I)
Zinc(Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Copper (Cu)
Manganese(Mn)
Selenium(Se)
chromium(Cr)
Cobalt
structural component of vitamin B12
monogastrics require b12
rumen microbes can synthesize b12 if cobalt is present
Deficiency: Anemia
Iodine
component of thyroid hormones T3(stored) and T4(circulating)
regulates basal metabolism
Deficiency:
goiters, reproductive problems, and hairless animals at birth
Zinc
constituent of metalloenzymes
high Ca levels in the diet can interfere with Zn absorption
Deficiency:
Perakeratosis, retarded bone growth, and male repro problems
Iron
60-70% present in hemoglobin and myoglobin
deficiency:
anemia; most prominent in newborns and veal calves
Copper
Metabolism of Fe
collagen and elastin synthesis
normal hair and wool pigmentation
Deficiencies most prevalent in ruminants
Toxicity: sheep
Manganese
Bone formation
metalloenzyme
Deficiency:
poor bone development
altered glucose metabolism
Selenium
scavenges free radicals and protects lipid membranes from oxidation
Deficiency: similar to Vitamin E
nutritional muscular dystrophy/ white muscle disease
Toxicity:
blind staggers
Chromium
impacts glucose uptake
potentiates the action on insulin
Chelated Trace Minerals
Chemically bound to either an AA or protein
improves availability
Macrominerals
Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na)
Chlorine (Cl)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)
Calcium
99% of Ca is in skeleton and teeth
most important structural component
intracellular regulator
generation of nerve transmission
muscle contraction
blood clotting
phosphorus homeostasis
Deficiency:
Rickets in young animals and osteoporosis in adults
post parturition paralysis
Phosphorus
80% in skeleton, 20% in soft tissues
Deficiency:
ribs and vertebrae demineralize before extremities
Pica
Total vs. Available P
2/3 is unavailable and 1/3 is digested and utilized
Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine
Na: extracellular component
Cl: extracellular component in cerebrospinal, gastric and pancreatic fluid
K: intracellular
Na/K pump
allows for nutrient transport
maintains membrane potential
nerve transmission
deficiencies cause depressed growth
Magnesium
50% of body Mg in bone, rest within cells
more than 300 enzymes are activated by Mg
associated with energy metabolism
deficiencies uncommon
Toxicity: grass tetany (hypomagnesemia)
Sulfur
Inorganic S not essential
Organic S essential
Toxicity:
tie up copper and potentially other minerals
indicated in PEM
Equine HYPP disease
Equine Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
Leaky Na channels
high blood K
constant twitch
Water Soluble vitamins
can’t be stored
need daily supplementation
toxicity not a problem
Thiamin (B1)
important in decarboxylation
pig stores thiamin in its tissues
Deficiency:
blood pyruvic and lactic acids concentrations increase
anorexia
polyneuritis(stargazing)
PEM
Riboflavin (B2)
structural component of FAD
energy metabolism, electron transfer
Deficiency:
poor growth and poor appetite
Niacin (B3)
structural component of NAD
energy and H+ ion transfer
Deficiency:
slow growth and poor appetite
pellagra
largely unavailable in grains but can be synthesized from tryptophan
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Structural component of Coenzyme A
energy metabolism
Deficiency:
goose stepping
hair loss
enteritis
Pyridoxine (B6)
coenzyme
involved with protein and nitrogen metabolism and turnover
transamination reactions
low bioavailability in grains
nervous system disorders
Biotin (B7)
cofactor for several Kreb’s cycle enzymes and gluconeogenesis
scaly dermatitis
Avidin
compound in eggwhites that decreases biotin availability
Folic Acid (B9)
Methyl Donor
synthesis of S-adenosylomethionine
pregnancy increases Folic acid requirement
SAM
S-adenosylomethionine
essential for nucleotide synthesis
blood cell formation
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Functions:
conversion of some precursors into TCA cycle intermediates
propionate metabolism
closely related to folic acid
What are the rest of the B “vitamins”?
Adenine(B4)- RNA,DNA, protein synthesis
Inositol (B8)-sugar that influences insulin response and hormone balance
Para Amino Benzoic Acid(PABA) (B10)- not a vitamin or essential vitamin
Salycylic Acid(B11)- often used as an antibacterial agent
Choline- hygroscopic
Vitamin C
humans, guinea pigs and apes have a vit c requirement
involved in collagen synthesis and metabolism
deficiency results in scurvy
Fat Soluble Vitamins
can’t be stored in adipose tissue
don’t need on daily basis
toxicity can be a problem
Vitamin A
1st fat soluble vitamin to be discovered
main precursor is beta-carotene
Other names:
- an alcohol(retinol)
- an aldehyde (retinal)
- an acid (retinoic acid)
- esterfied with fatty acid (vitamin a palmitate)
Functions:
-eyes and skin
-bone growth
-antioxidant
-rhodopsin synthesis in the retina
Deficiency signs:
-night blindness
- keratinization of epithelium cells
- repro disorders
Vitamin D
D2(ergosterol), D3(7-dehydrocholesterol)
sunlight activates enzymes which converts the D
Functions:
-elevate Ca and P levels in blood
-aids in P absorption in small intestine
-Ca binding protein synthesis
Deficiency signs:
-abnormal skeletal growth and dev.
-inadequate bone mineralization
chickens>pigs/cattle requirement
Vitamin E
Precursor- Alpha-tocopherol
D-alpha-tocopherol: 1.3x potency of DL
DL-alpha-tocopherol: most common in diet
functions as an antioxidant
Deficiency:
-repro failure
-muscular lesions
-white muscle disease
-mulberry heart
Vitamin K
functions in blood clotting
deficiency can increase blood clotting time
Citric Acid Cycle
An aerobic pathway in the mitochondria that uses Acetyl CoA to produce the equivalents of 25 ATP per mole of glucose
Urea Cycle
process by which AA are broken down and excreted
Deamination
removal of the amine group from an AA for excretion
Cholesterol
All dietary cholesterol is delivered to the liver and enters 4 different pathways:
-bile acids formation
-secretion into bile
-incorporation in nascent lipoproteins
-storage in lipid droplets
Glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen into glucose
Gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose from non-CHO precursors
Glycogenesis
synthesis of glycogen
Transamination
the transfer of the amine group from one AA to make a non-essential AA
