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Nutrition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Microminerals

A

Cobalt (Co)
Iodine(I)
Zinc(Zn)
Iron (Fe)
Copper (Cu)
Manganese(Mn)
Selenium(Se)
chromium(Cr)

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2
Q

Cobalt

A

structural component of vitamin B12
monogastrics require b12
rumen microbes can synthesize b12 if cobalt is present
Deficiency: Anemia

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3
Q

Iodine

A

component of thyroid hormones T3(stored) and T4(circulating)
regulates basal metabolism
Deficiency:
goiters, reproductive problems, and hairless animals at birth

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4
Q

Zinc

A

constituent of metalloenzymes
high Ca levels in the diet can interfere with Zn absorption
Deficiency:
Perakeratosis, retarded bone growth, and male repro problems

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5
Q

Iron

A

60-70% present in hemoglobin and myoglobin
deficiency:
anemia; most prominent in newborns and veal calves

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6
Q

Copper

A

Metabolism of Fe
collagen and elastin synthesis
normal hair and wool pigmentation
Deficiencies most prevalent in ruminants
Toxicity: sheep

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7
Q

Manganese

A

Bone formation
metalloenzyme
Deficiency:
poor bone development
altered glucose metabolism

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8
Q

Selenium

A

scavenges free radicals and protects lipid membranes from oxidation
Deficiency: similar to Vitamin E
nutritional muscular dystrophy/ white muscle disease
Toxicity:
blind staggers

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9
Q

Chromium

A

impacts glucose uptake
potentiates the action on insulin

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10
Q

Chelated Trace Minerals

A

Chemically bound to either an AA or protein
improves availability

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11
Q

Macrominerals

A

Calcium (Ca)
Phosphorus (P)
Sodium (Na)
Chlorine (Cl)
Potassium (K)
Magnesium (Mg)
Sulfur (S)

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12
Q

Calcium

A

99% of Ca is in skeleton and teeth
most important structural component
intracellular regulator
generation of nerve transmission
muscle contraction
blood clotting
phosphorus homeostasis
Deficiency:
Rickets in young animals and osteoporosis in adults
post parturition paralysis

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13
Q

Phosphorus

A

80% in skeleton, 20% in soft tissues
Deficiency:
ribs and vertebrae demineralize before extremities
Pica
Total vs. Available P
2/3 is unavailable and 1/3 is digested and utilized

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14
Q

Potassium, Sodium, and Chlorine

A

Na: extracellular component
Cl: extracellular component in cerebrospinal, gastric and pancreatic fluid
K: intracellular

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15
Q

Na/K pump

A

allows for nutrient transport
maintains membrane potential
nerve transmission
deficiencies cause depressed growth

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16
Q

Magnesium

A

50% of body Mg in bone, rest within cells
more than 300 enzymes are activated by Mg
associated with energy metabolism
deficiencies uncommon
Toxicity: grass tetany (hypomagnesemia)

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17
Q

Sulfur

A

Inorganic S not essential
Organic S essential
Toxicity:
tie up copper and potentially other minerals
indicated in PEM

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18
Q

Equine HYPP disease

A

Equine Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis
Leaky Na channels
high blood K
constant twitch

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19
Q

Water Soluble vitamins

A

can’t be stored
need daily supplementation
toxicity not a problem

20
Q

Thiamin (B1)

A

important in decarboxylation
pig stores thiamin in its tissues
Deficiency:
blood pyruvic and lactic acids concentrations increase
anorexia
polyneuritis(stargazing)
PEM

21
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

A

structural component of FAD
energy metabolism, electron transfer
Deficiency:
poor growth and poor appetite

22
Q

Niacin (B3)

A

structural component of NAD
energy and H+ ion transfer
Deficiency:
slow growth and poor appetite
pellagra
largely unavailable in grains but can be synthesized from tryptophan

23
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5)

A

Structural component of Coenzyme A
energy metabolism
Deficiency:
goose stepping
hair loss
enteritis

24
Q

Pyridoxine (B6)

A

coenzyme
involved with protein and nitrogen metabolism and turnover
transamination reactions
low bioavailability in grains
nervous system disorders

25
Q

Biotin (B7)

A

cofactor for several Kreb’s cycle enzymes and gluconeogenesis
scaly dermatitis

26
Q

Avidin

A

compound in eggwhites that decreases biotin availability

27
Q

Folic Acid (B9)

A

Methyl Donor
synthesis of S-adenosylomethionine
pregnancy increases Folic acid requirement

28
Q

SAM

A

S-adenosylomethionine
essential for nucleotide synthesis
blood cell formation

29
Q

Cyanocobalamin (B12)

A

Functions:
conversion of some precursors into TCA cycle intermediates
propionate metabolism
closely related to folic acid

30
Q

What are the rest of the B “vitamins”?

A

Adenine(B4)- RNA,DNA, protein synthesis
Inositol (B8)-sugar that influences insulin response and hormone balance
Para Amino Benzoic Acid(PABA) (B10)- not a vitamin or essential vitamin
Salycylic Acid(B11)- often used as an antibacterial agent
Choline- hygroscopic

31
Q

Vitamin C

A

humans, guinea pigs and apes have a vit c requirement
involved in collagen synthesis and metabolism
deficiency results in scurvy

32
Q

Fat Soluble Vitamins

A

can’t be stored in adipose tissue
don’t need on daily basis
toxicity can be a problem

33
Q

Vitamin A

A

1st fat soluble vitamin to be discovered
main precursor is beta-carotene
Other names:
- an alcohol(retinol)
- an aldehyde (retinal)
- an acid (retinoic acid)
- esterfied with fatty acid (vitamin a palmitate)
Functions:
-eyes and skin
-bone growth
-antioxidant
-rhodopsin synthesis in the retina
Deficiency signs:
-night blindness
- keratinization of epithelium cells
- repro disorders

34
Q

Vitamin D

A

D2(ergosterol), D3(7-dehydrocholesterol)
sunlight activates enzymes which converts the D
Functions:
-elevate Ca and P levels in blood
-aids in P absorption in small intestine
-Ca binding protein synthesis
Deficiency signs:
-abnormal skeletal growth and dev.
-inadequate bone mineralization
chickens>pigs/cattle requirement

35
Q

Vitamin E

A

Precursor- Alpha-tocopherol
D-alpha-tocopherol: 1.3x potency of DL
DL-alpha-tocopherol: most common in diet
functions as an antioxidant
Deficiency:
-repro failure
-muscular lesions
-white muscle disease
-mulberry heart

36
Q

Vitamin K

A

functions in blood clotting
deficiency can increase blood clotting time

37
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

An aerobic pathway in the mitochondria that uses Acetyl CoA to produce the equivalents of 25 ATP per mole of glucose

38
Q

Urea Cycle

A

process by which AA are broken down and excreted

39
Q

Deamination

A

removal of the amine group from an AA for excretion

40
Q

Cholesterol

A

All dietary cholesterol is delivered to the liver and enters 4 different pathways:
-bile acids formation
-secretion into bile
-incorporation in nascent lipoproteins
-storage in lipid droplets

41
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose

42
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose from non-CHO precursors

43
Q

Glycogenesis

A

synthesis of glycogen

44
Q

Transamination

A

the transfer of the amine group from one AA to make a non-essential AA

45
Q
A

Nutrition (7 decks)

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