Exam 2 Flashcards
Water is what % of an adult animals body weight?
45%
Water is what % of a newborn animals body weight?
80%
What are the functions of water?
Transport of nutrients
Solvent for chemical reactions
Temp control
Lubrication
What are the 2 basic functions of water?
Metabolism and Temp control
Intracellular fluids account for… of total body water
40%
Extracellular fluids account for … of total body water
33%
Why is water content lower in adults?
They’re depositing more fat.
What are the different water sources?
Drinking water
Water in or on feed
Metabolic water
Condensation
Water in tissues
What leads to water restriction?
reduced feed intake
weight loss
increased N and electrolyte excretion
What increases consumption of water?
Lactation
How much water does a mature pig or sheep drink?
1-3 gal/day
How much water does a mature cow/horse drink?
10-14 gal/day
How much water does a mature broiler drink?
0.10 gal/day
How much fat is required to increase H2O by one degree?
one gram fat = one gram water
Gross energy of CHO
4.1 kcal/g
Gross energy of Proteins
5.7 kcal/g
Gross energy of Fats
9.4 kcal/g
Digestible Energy
DE= IE-FE
Total Digestible Nutrients
TDN= DCP + DNFE + DCF + 2.25
What are some problems with TDN?
doesn’t take into account losses in urine, gas production, and heat loss
Is TDN loss greater in roughages or concentrates?
Roughages
Net Energy Maintenance
fraction of net energy to animal in equilibrium
What does the Kjeldahl method measure?
Nitrogen content
What determines structure of AA?
sequence=structure=function
How do we determine N content of feed?
N% x 6.25= CP%
Which form of AA is more available and active?
“L”
Which form of AA is inactive and less available?
“D”
Essential AA
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine
Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine
Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine
Which AA is semi-essential?
Arginine and it’s only required by growing animals
Which AAs are in the Aromatic class?
Phenylalanine
Which AAs are in the Aliphatic class?
Valine Threonine Isoleucine Leucine
Which AAs are in the Heterocyclic class?
Tryptophan
Which AAs are in the Basic class?
Histidine Arginine Lysine
Methionine is what containing?
sulfur and controls lysine
Imino Acids
Proline Taurine
What’s the primary structure of AA?
linear structure of AAs
What’s the secondary structure of AA?
arranged in a helix formation
What’s the tertiary structure of AA?
a helix further folded onto itself
What’s the quaternary structure of AA?
2 or more polypeptide chains united by non-covalent bonds
What causes protein denaturation?
Heat, Heavy metals, and Mechanical Forces
Functions of Proteins
tissue or structural
blood proteins
enzymes
hormones
antibodies
What allows for larger particle absorption the first 24 hours of life?
Gut gap
What requirement do ruminants have>
Nitrogen requirement, MCPs meet AA requirements
What does the Proximate Analysis do?
groups carbs
What’s a limitation with the Proximate Analysis?
Doesn’t represent non structural vs structural carbs are
which detergent fiber can be broken down by everyone?
NDF
which detergent fiber can’t be broken down by everyone
ADF
Which fiber can’t be broken down by anyone?
Lignin
components of NDF
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
Components of ADF
cellulose and lignin
Glucose is …
the most important molecule in nutrition
monosaccharides
pentoses and hexoses
disaccharides
maltose, sucrose, lactose, cellobiose
Who can break down alpha bonds?
everyone
Who can break down beta bonds?
microbial population
What’s fructose?
sweetest CHO and component of table sugar
What’s galactose?
Component of lactose
What’s cellulose?
only microbial enzyme can break it
What are the non-structural CHO?
Amylose, Amylopectin, Glycogen
What’s amylose?
plant energy storage, 15-30% of total starch, and it’s an alpha 1, 4 linkage- straight chain
What’s amylopectin?
more highly branched plant energy storage, 70-85% of total starch, and it’s an alpha 1,4 linkage with alpha 1,6 linkage at branch points
What’s glycogen?
animal energy storage, alpha glucose 1,4 and 1,6 bonds and stored in muscle and liver
What are the structural non-CHO?
Cellulose, lignin, and silica
What’s cellulose?
highly stable, no animal enzyme can break it but microbial cellulase can degrade it
What’s lignin?
no animal or anaerobic microbial enzyme can degrade it
What’s silica?
encrusts the plant fiber and provides a barrier to digestive enzymes of microbes, it can result in urinary calculi
End products of digestion in non-ruminants
monosaccharides , mainly glucose
End products of digestion
monosaccharides and VFAs
What does steam flaking do to starch digestibility?
increases digestibility for rumen by 5-8%
Energy value of lipids
2.25 x value of carbs
Essential fatty acids
Linoleic, Linolenic, and Arachidonic
Simple lipids
triglycerides and glycerol
compound lipids
phospholipids and lipoproteins
Sterols
building blocks of hormones, cholesterol and fat soluble vitamins
Melting point is
change from s to l, short chains lower than long chains, unsaturated lower than saturated
Iodine value
high value- unsaturated
low value- saturated
Fat deposition
1Internal
2 Intermuscular
3 Subcutaneous
4 Intramuscular
what kind of fat do cattle deposit?
Saturated
What kind of fat do poultry and swine deposit?
Whatever fat they eat
What metabolic disorder is correlated to high blood sugar?
Diabetes Type I and II
Insulin injections will start when 75% of beta cells are destroyed in the adult
Diabetes Type I and II
Almost exclusively in lactating dairy cattle and sheep in late pregnancy (pregnancy toxemia)
Ketosis
Process that leads to Acetyl-CoA being converted into ketones
Ketosis
Propylene glycol is a common treatment compound
Ketosis
Normal insulin production with decreased receptor count and reduced insulin sensitivity
Diabetes Type II
Negative energy balance
Ketosis
Low insulin production (juvenile diabetes)
Diabetes Type 1
the metabolic disorder can be controlled by a consistent feeding plan and food that minimizes postprandial changes in blood glucose levels in a healthy adult
Diabetes type I and II
Oxaloacetate is shifted away from the Kreb’s cycle for gluconeogenisis
Ketosis
Overfeeding during gestation could add a risk for this metabolic disorder
Gestational Diabetes
Increased tissue resistance to insulin’s action temporary
Gestational Diabetes
If left uncontrolled it will lead to fatty liver syndrome
Ketosis
Supplementing niacin can improve this disorder
Ketosis
Non-insulin dependent diabetes(adult onset)
Type 2 diabetes
The gross energy for protein is
4.1 kcal/g
What are the bonds that link AA together to form proteins?
Peptide
What gives each AA uniqueness from other AA?
R-group
2 types of hydrolysis involved in protein digestion?
Enzyme and Glycosidic
What’s the gross energy for fat is how many times the amount of carbs
2.25
the gross energy for fat is
9.4 kcal/g
Triglycerides are made of a … backbone and 3 …
glycerol, fatty acids
Which of the following has the highest priority for fat deposition?
Internal
Unsaturated fatty acids have … while saturated fatty acids have carbon chains that are completely surrounded by…
double bonds, hydrogen
What type of enzymes break down dietary fats?
lipases
Long chain fatty acids must be incorporated into … to be absorbed in the small intestine.
micelles
What is responsible for emulsifying dietary fats to aid in digestion and prepare them for absorption?
Chylomicron
As an animal becomes more fat, the water content of the animal … as a proportion of the animal’s total body weight.
decreases
The gross energy for carbs is
4.1 kcal/g
Cellulose has … 1,4 linkages of…
beta, glucose
Amylose has … 1,4 linkages of …
Alpha, glucose
As it branches, amylopectin has … … bonds.
Alpha, 1,6
Non-structural CHOs ares stored as what in the muscle and liver?
Glycogen
… enzymes are required to break down beta bonds while … can break down alpha bonds.
Microbial, mammalian
What’s the structural non-CHO found in woody plants?
Lignin
What’s responsible for the start of CHO digestion in the mouth of non-ruminants?
salivary amylase
In ruminants, the primary products of CHO digestion are what?
VFAs
What’s the most important sugar in nutrition?
Glucose
