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Developmental Biology > Lab Practical 1 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the Image

Top, right side, left side

A
  1. Ocular
  2. Stage
  3. Focus
  4. Objective
  5. Condenser diaphragm
  6. Field diaphragm
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2
Q

Identify the Image

Left, Right

A
  1. Manufacturer
  2. Magnification
  3. Tube length
  4. Magnification Color Code
  5. Lens Correction
  6. Numerical Aperature
  7. Indicates Oil Objective
  8. Coverglass Thickness
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3
Q

Identify the Type of Light Microscopy

A
  1. Bright field microscopy
  2. Darkfield microscopy
  3. Phase-contrast microscopy
  4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
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4
Q

Identify the Type of Light Microscopy

A
  1. Nomarski (differential interference contrast)
  2. Fluorescence microscopy
  3. Confocal laser scanning microscopy
  4. Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM)
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5
Q

What is the purpose of the objective? What is the range in magnification?

A

Provides the main source of magnification

Range in magnifications of 2.5-100x

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6
Q

What is the purpose of an eyepiece?

A

Used to view the specimen image magnified by the objective

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7
Q

What is the purpose of a stage?

A

Holds the specimen and allows for movement within the optical path of the micrscope

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8
Q

What is the purpose of focus knobs (fine and coarse)?

A

Raise and lower the height of the objective, thereby changing the plane of focus

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the condenser?

A

Focuses the light passing form the lamp to the specimen

Its height relative to the specimen is essential in establishing Köhler Illumination

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the condenser knob?

A

Raises and lowers the condenser

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11
Q

What is the purpose of a condenser diaphragm?

A

Regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser

Adjusting its diameter regulates how much light illuminates the specimens - closing condenser diaphragm can reduce scattered light traveling through the microscope, thus improving resolution

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the field diaphragm?

A

Located above the lamp housing/light source

It regulates the amount of light traveling form the lamp to the condenser

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13
Q

What is the light source?

A

Consist of a bulb which provides illumination

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14
Q

What is Köhler illumination?

A

A lighting technique so the specimen can be uniformly lit with minimal interference from the internal components of the microscope

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15
Q

What are the two focal planes established in Köhler illumination?

A
  1. The Conjugate Field Planes; back of the retina, field stop of injective, the specimen, and the field diaphragm are all in focus at once
  2. The Conjugate Aperature Plane; iris of the eye, rear focal plane of the objective, the front focal plane of the condenser, and the lamp filaments are all in focus at once
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16
Q

Light Microscopy

A

Light microscopy utilized light to illuminate the speciment

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17
Q

Bright-field microscopy

A

The specimen is illuminated with the full wavelengths of visible light and contrast in the image is provided by the specimen itself

Both live and preserved specimens can be viewed

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18
Q

How do you improve contrast with bright field microscopy?

A

If the specimens are preserved you can use a Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain

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19
Q

Dark Field Microscopy

A

The exclusion of unscattered light, thus regions that don’t scatter light (no specimen) appear black

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20
Q

If you need increased contrast of a live specimen, what microscopy technique should you use?

A

Dark Field Microscopy

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21
Q

Phase Contrast Microscopy

A

Utilizes the differences in refractive indices within a specimen to improve contrast

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22
Q

What microscopy is especially useful for viewing unstained specimens and viewing edges of structures where refractive index becomes more evident?

A

Phase Contrast

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23
Q

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

Aka Nomarski

A

Similar to Phase Contrast microscopy

It utilizes polarized light to create two separate coherent image components which are then recombined

The interference generated during the recombination allows for difference in refractive index to be detected, thereby creating increased contrast

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24
Q

What microscopy technique is especially useful for viewing intracellular components such as vesicles

A

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

aka Nomarski

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25
Q

What are the two types of fluorescence microscopy?

A
  1. Epifluorescence Microscopy
  2. Confocal Microscopy
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26
Q

What are the three types of microscopy discussed in class?

A
  1. Light Microscopy
  2. Fluorescence Microscopy
  3. Electron Microscopy
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27
Q

What are the 4 types of light microscopy?

A
  1. Bright field
  2. Dark field
  3. Phase contrast
  4. Differential Interference contrast (DIC)
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28
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopy?

A
  1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
  2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
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29
Q

Fluorescence Microscopy

A

Fluorescent dyes (fluorochromes) are able to absorb wavelength at a particular light and re-emit light at a slightly longer wavelength of light

These dyes are then typically linked to antibodies or other compounds which bind to specific cellular structures

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30
Q

Epifluorescence Microscopy

A

A specimen is stained with a fluorescent dye and then illuminated with a fluorescent light source of a particular wavelength

Regions of the cell with the bound dye will emit light at a specific, slightly longer wavelength

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31
Q

What are some examples of frequently used dyes for epifluorescence microscopy?

A
  1. DAPI (illuminated by UV light and emits a blue light)
  2. FITC or GFP (excited by blue light and emits green light)
  3. Rhodamine/Red (excited by green light and emits a red light)
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32
Q

What is the pro and con of fluorescent microscopy?

A
  1. Pro = allows for visualization of specific subcellular components
  2. Con = Reliant on specific fluorescent dyes
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33
Q

Confocal Microscopy

A

utilizes lasers to illuminate the fluorescent dye

only collected data from a specific defined focal plane

Provides a more detailed fluorescent image

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34
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Bombards the specimen with electrons

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35
Q

What is the biggest advantage of electron microscopy?

A

Allows for greater magnification and visualizing much smaller objects

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36
Q

In order to generate contrast in electron microscopy what needs to happen?

A

The specimens must be coated or stained with material with will prevent the passage of electrons

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37
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy enables one to visualize what?

A

The outer surface of the speicimen

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38
Q

How does Scanning Electron Microscopy work?

A

The specimen is preserved and coated in a fine layer of gold

When electrons are projected at the specimen, they reflect off the gold and are detected by sensors which generates the image

Since the specimen is gold-coated only external details are evident

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39
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) enables one to view what?

A

Internal Structures

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40
Q

How does Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) work?

A

The specimen must be embedded in a hard resin and then cut into then secions

The sections are stained with electron-opaque stains which differentially bind to various intracellular components

Electrons are projected onto the specimens and will either pass through the specimens or are blocked

Detectors collect the transmitted electron to generate an image

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41
Q

Preparation of specimens for _____ requires significantly more work and skill relative to ____ (electron microscopy)

A

TEM

SEM

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42
Q

Label the Stages Of Cell Divison

A

M-phase Mitosis

G1

S Phase (DNA synthesis)

G2

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43
Q

Identify the Image

A

Diakinesis

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44
Q

Identify the Image

Top, Left, Right

A

Pachytene

Diakinesis

Late Diplotene

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45
Q

Identify the Image

A

X chromosomes

Leptotene

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46
Q

Identify the Image

A

Leptotone

Zygotene

Packytne

Diplotene

Diakinesis

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47
Q

Identify the Image

Top from left to right

A

Leptotene

Zygotene

Pachytene

Diplotene

Diakinesis

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48
Q

Identify the Image

A

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

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49
Q

Identify the Image

A

Metaphase

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50
Q

Identify the Image

A

Interphase

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51
Q

Identify the Image

A

Prophase

Centrioles

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52
Q

Identify the Image

A

Prometaphase

Microtubules

Nuclear Membrane Breakdown

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53
Q

Identify the Image

A

Metaphase

Metaphase Plate

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54
Q

Identify the Image

A

Anaphase

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55
Q

Identify the Image

A

Telophase

Cleavage Furrow

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56
Q

Identify the Image

A

Pachytene

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57
Q

Identify the Image

A

Prometaphase

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58
Q

Identify the Image

A

Prophase

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59
Q

Identify the Image

A

Telophase

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60
Q

Identify the Image

A

x-chromosomes

Zygotene

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61
Q

G1 Phase/ Gap 1

What is it? What is produced (4)? Length? Metabolically Active?

A

period of preparation for division

production of:

  1. Nucleotides
  2. Amino acids
  3. Enzyme systems
  4. Reserve Engergies

Long Phase

Metabolically Active

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62
Q

G2 Phase / Gap II Phase

What is it? What is being produced? Length?

A

Production of molecules necessary for mitotic development

  1. Spindle fiber protiens
  2. Microtubules

Fairly short

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63
Q

M Phase

what is it?

A

Separation of chromosomes followed by cell divison

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64
Q

Karyokinesis

A

Separation of chromosomes

The first stage of mitosis or meiosis

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65
Q

Cytokinesis

A

separation of the cell cytoplasm

resulting cells may be equal or unequal in size

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66
Q

Which phases comprise interphase?

A

G1-G2

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67
Q

During G1-G2 phases, can you see chromosomes?

A

No

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68
Q

G0

A

A special resting phase that terminally differentiated cells enter

Divisions are halted

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69
Q

Prophase (4 primary events)

A

Chromosomes condense,

nucleolus,

disappears,

centrioles replicate

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70
Q

Prometaphase (3 major events)

A

Nuclear envelop fragments

Microtubules bind to kinetochores

Non-kinetochore microtubules overlap

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71
Q

Metaphase (1 major event)

A

Mitotic spindle organizes and directs chromosomes to equatorial plate

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72
Q

Anaphase (2 events)

A

Chromatids separate

Chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of cell

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73
Q

Telophase (4 events)

A

Nuclear envelope reforms

Chromosomes uncoil and become indistinct

Nucleoli reappear

Cytoplasm divides

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74
Q

What happens during S period?

A

Chromosomes replicate again and prepare for the next division

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75
Q

The two daughter cells are mitosis are diploid or haploid?

A

Diploid

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76
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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77
Q

What are the stages of Meiosis?

A

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

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78
Q

Names have been assigned to distinguish the changing chromosomal states during prophase I stage. What are they?

A
  1. Leptotene
  2. Zygotene
  3. Packytene
  4. Diplotene
  5. Diakinesis
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79
Q

Leptotene - distinguishing features

A

Chromosomes have replicated forming sister chromatids

Cell in enlarged

The X chromosome is condensed and seen as a dark oval on one side of the chromosomal mass

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80
Q

Zygotene (synaptene)

A

Begins as sister chromatids start forming synapses with their homologous pair (tetrad)

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81
Q

Tetrad

A

Homologous pair of sister chromatids

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82
Q

Pachytene

A

starts at the conclusion of synapses formation

Some crossing over may happen at this stage

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83
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

In the Pachytene and Diplotene stages of Prophase I

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84
Q

Diplotene

A

Homologous pairs start to separate (de-synapses) but remain attached at chiasmata

RNA synthesis is occurring

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85
Q

Chiasmata

A

Regions where crossing over has occurred

86
Q

Eggs of many species arrest at what stage?

A

The diplotene stage of prophase I

Diplotene arrest

87
Q

Lampbrush Chromosomes

A

occurs in the diplotene stages of some mammals (not humans though)

88
Q

Diakinesis (3 main events)

The nucleus is now prepared for what?

A

“moving apart”

Contraction and repulsion continue

Chromosomes detach form nuclear envelope

RNA synthesis stops

The nucleus is now prepared for the two critical maturation divisions

89
Q

Why do the chromosomes look so weird (rings, crosses, bars, coils) during diakinesis?

A

Terminalization of chiasmata on the bivalent pairs continues during diakineses

90
Q

Metaphase I meiosis

A

terminalized bivalents (doubled homologous chromosomes) line up at the equatorial plate

DIFFERENT from MITOSIS (homologous chromosomes)

91
Q

Anaphase I of Meiosis (3 events and end result)

A

homologous chromosomes migrate to respective poles

Centrosomes have never divided

Any chiasmata become free

Each end of the cell now has a haploid set of chromosomes (two chromatids)

92
Q

Telophase I

A

symbolically ends the first phase of meiosis

THIS IS A REDUCTIONAL DIVISION

93
Q

If cells form at telophase I what genetic makeup would they have?

A

They would be genetically haploid

94
Q

Does telophase happen in all cell types?

A

No

95
Q

What must happen to have a Prophase II?

What does Prophase II mark?

A

Prophase II is only present if a telophase I and pseudo interphase are present

This is the beginning of the equational division

96
Q

Metaphase II

A

Centromeres line up on equatorial plate

(same as metaphase of mitosis?)

97
Q

Anaphase II

A

Centromeres divide

The division splits the replicated chromosomes

98
Q

Telophase II

A

either one or both cytoplasmic divisions will occur at this time

99
Q

The second meiotic division is _______

A

AN EQUATIONAL DIVISION

100
Q

Identify the Image

A

Primary spermatocytes

Secondary Spermatocytes

Spermatids

101
Q

Identify the Image

A

Cyst

102
Q

Identify the Image

A

Spermatogonia

103
Q

Identify the Image

A

Primary Spermatogonia

Secondary Spermatogonia

104
Q

Identify the Image

A

Spermatid

105
Q

Identify the Image

A

Mature Sperm

106
Q

Identify the Image

Across the top left to right

Across bottom left to right

A

Primary spermatocytes

cyst

spermatids

spermatozoa

spermatogonia

secondary spermatocytes

107
Q

Identify the Image

top to bottom

A

Vas deferens

Epididymis

Testis

Seminiferous tubule

108
Q

Identify the Image

A

Cross Section of Seminferous tubule

109
Q

Identify the Image

across the top (left to right), down the side, across the bottom (right to left)

A

Sertoli cell

Type B spermatogonium

Type A2 spermatogonium

Type A1 spermatogonium

Primary speratocyte

Secondary spermatocyte

Spermatids

Sperm

Residual Body

110
Q

Identify the Image

Top, down the left side, up the right side, center

A

Stratum granulosa

Theca interna

Corona radiata

Theca externa

Primary ooctye

culumus oophorous

antrum filled with liquor folliculi

111
Q

Identify the Image

Left, bottom, right

A

Acrosome

Nucleus

Flagella

112
Q

Identify the Image

left top to bottom, right side top to bottom

A

Egg nests

Germinal epithelium

oocyte

granulosa cells

intermediate follicle

primary follicle

113
Q

Identify the Image

A

Primary Follicle

primary oocyte

granulosa cells

114
Q

Identify the Image

A

Theca cells

Granulosa cells

Primary ooctye

intermediate follicle

115
Q

Identify the Image

down the right side, top center, center, left, bottom corner

A

Theca interna

zona pellucida

theca externa

antrum

primary oocyte

granulosa cells

Graffian follicle

116
Q

Identify the Image

left, right

A

seminiferous tubule

Leydig cells

117
Q

Identify the Image

down the left side, down the right side

A

Spermatid

Spermatozoa

secondary spermatocyte

spermatogonia

primary spermatocyte

118
Q

Identify the Image

down the left, down the right

A

Spermatid

spermatozoa

sertoli cell

primary speratocyte

secondary spermatocyte

spermatogoina

119
Q

Identify the Image

Down the left side, right

A

primary follicle

stratum granulosa

intermediate follicle

antrum with liquor folliculi

zona pellucida

theca follicula

corona radiata

cumulus oophorous

egg nests

120
Q

Identify the Image

top, then counterclockwise

A

Sertoli cells

primary speratocyte

spermatozoa

spermatid

interstitial cell

spermatogonia

121
Q

Cyst

A

a cohort of presumptive germ cells in exactly the same stage of development

122
Q

Testicular lobe

A

Testes are comprised of multiple lobes

Development occurs form the apical to the basal region

123
Q

The term primary spermatocytes applies to all presumptive gametes in the testis which have grown to be ____ and have _____ staining nuclei than the spermatogonia

A

Larger

Darker

124
Q

Nebenkern

Definition and what it is found in

A

A dark condensation in the cytoplasm containing the mitochondria

Found in spermatids

125
Q

A short filamentous tail will be seen protruding from the spermatid even in the earliest stages of ________

This filament represents the ____ filament of the tail of the future _______

A

Spermiogenesis

Axial filament

Spermatozoan

126
Q

The chromosomes cannot be identified in the nucleus by any staining procedure of the ___________ because they are so densely packed

A

Spermatozoan

127
Q

Sertoli Cells

A

Recognized by large, dark nuclei and clear cytoplasm

Provide physical support, mediate movement of steroids, restricts movement of macromolecules, phagocytose degenerating spermatogenic cells

128
Q

Interstitial Cell of Leydig

Location and funciton

A

Located between seminiferous tubules

Produce testosterone

129
Q

Stroma

general location

what is it

A

Bulk of the ovary = stroma

connective and interstitial tissue with blood vessels

130
Q

Egg Nests

A

Clusters of oogonia

Located just inside the germinal epithelium (no granulosa cells yet)

131
Q

Theca differentiate into what two layers?

A

Theca Interna

Theca Externa

132
Q

Antrum

A

Fluid-filled spaces which unite to form a cavity

133
Q

Graafian Follicle

A

Mature follicle

Antrum filled with liquor folliculi

Nearly ready to rupture and release egg

134
Q

Zona pellucida

What is it?

What does it consist of?

A

Non-cellular, secreted layer surrounding the primary oocyte within the graffian follicle

Consists of mucopolysaccharide and typsin-digestible material

135
Q

Corona Radiata

A

The stalk the oocyte rests upon

136
Q

Cumulus oophorus

A

made up of follicle cells within the antrum

137
Q

Corpus luteum

What is it?

Function?

A

Follicle cells and theca cells that remain in the ovary after ovulation

Primarily produces the hormone progesterone

138
Q

Mammalian oocytes have relatively small amounts of yolk that are uniformly distributed, while avian oocytes have an abundant store of yolk causing the nucleus to be displaced peripherally

A

True

139
Q

What does corpus letuem mean in latin?

A

Yellow Body

140
Q

corpus albicans

What is it?

Latin for what?

A

Inactive fibrous tissue that forms after involution of the corpus luteum

white body (cells lyse = empty looking vesicle)

141
Q

Atretic follicles

A

Degenerating follicles

degeneration may occur at any stang

142
Q

Identify the Image

Top, under top, left, right

A

Male pronucleus

chorion

first polar body

dyad

143
Q

Identify the Image

Top left, counterclockwise

A

Fertilization envelope

chorion

perivitelline space

male pronucleus

2nd polar body

1st polar body

144
Q

Identify the Image

A

Ascaris

sperm

145
Q

Identify the Image

A

Ascaris fertilization

sperm penetration

146
Q

Identify the Image

right, left, bottom

A

Male pronucleus

tetrad

chorion

147
Q

Identify the Image

A

A. Sperm is bond to the surface of the egg

B. Sperm has entered into the egg as the fertilization cone forms while the tail still remains outside of the egg

C. The sperm has entered the egg cytoplasm and the fertilization cone has closed around the sperm

148
Q

Identify the Image

A

Germinal Vesicle

Immature oocyte

149
Q

Identify the Image

A

Mature egg

150
Q

Identify the Image

A

Development of the acrosomal filament

151
Q

Identify the Image

A

Fertilization envelope

Female pronucleus

152
Q

Identify the Image

Top to bottom

A

Flagellum

acrosome

nucleus

mitochondria

153
Q

Identify the Image

A

Bound sperm x2

154
Q

Identify the Image

A

TEM

Bound sperm

arrow points to acrosomal filament contacting egg surface

Microvilli (back arrow) are found on the egg surface

155
Q

Identify the Image

A

DIC

unfertilized zebra mussel egg

uniform in appearance, little yolk, clear cytoplasm

156
Q

Identify the Image

A

Fluorescent Microscopy

Unfertilized zebra mussel egg

DNA-specific blue dye

Egg is arrested in metaphase I

157
Q

Identify the Image

A

Phase micrograph

sperm inside the egg cytoplasm

158
Q

Identify the Image

A

Fluorescent micrograph

actin-specific dye

Fertilization cone at site of sperm entry

159
Q

Identify the Image

A

Phase contrast micrograph

Fertilized zebra mussel egg

1st polar body

160
Q

Identify the Image

A

Fluorescent Micrograph

Fertilized Zebra Mussel Egg

1st polar body

female DNA

sperm DNA

161
Q

Identify the Image

A

Phase contrast micrograph

Fertilized zebra mussel egg

1st polar body

2nd polar body

162
Q

Identify the image

A

Fluorescent micrograph

fertilized zebra mussel egg

1st polar body

2nd polar body (doesn’t shine as bright because it has half the DNA as the 1st)

163
Q

Identify the Image

Left to right

A

Series showing the migration of

the male pronucleus

toward the female pronucleus

Polar bodies

164
Q

Identify the Image

A

Acrosome

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Flagellum

Acrosomal Filament

165
Q

7 steps of fertilization

A
  1. Activation of Sperm (capacitation)
  2. Penetration of sperm through jelly or cumulus layer
  3. Fusion of sperm and egg
  4. Establishment of blocks against entry of additional sperm
  5. Completion of meiosis
  6. Entry of sperm into egg cytoplasm
  7. Metabolic activation of egg
166
Q

Fertilization cone

A

A collection of microfilaments that form at the spot of sperm entry result in a protrusion on the egg surface

167
Q

Fertilization envelope

A

Prior to fertilizaation = thin extracellular coat = vitelline envelop

Following fertilization = realease of cortical granuals = vitelline envelop is elevated from egg = fertilization envelope

168
Q

Pronuclear membrane

A

Once sperm enter into the cytoplasm, the sperm DNA decondensed and a new membrane forms around the DNA

169
Q

Chorion

A

The thicker fertilization envelope

Space is filled with a fluid (probably derived from the oocyte)

170
Q

Dyad

A

one of a pair of chromosomes resulting from the separation of two homologous members of a tetrad

171
Q

Identify the Image

Center title, left top to bottom, right image top to bottom

A

Neurulation

Neural fold

Neural groove

Neural ridge

archenteron

coelom

Early neurola

Neural tube

archenteron

late neurula

172
Q

Identify the Image

Top, couterclockwise

A

Animal pole

frog 2-cell stage

vegetal pole

blastomeres

1st cleavage plane

173
Q

Identify the Image

A

Micromeres

Macromeres

174
Q

Identify the Image

Left most, clockwise

A

Animal pole

Vegetal pole

Late blastula

Macromeres

Micromeres

Blastocoel

175
Q

Identify the Image

top to bottom

A

Animal pole

micromeres

blastocoel

marcromeres

vegetal pole

176
Q

Identify the Image

Top left, counterclockwise

A

~Early Frog Gastrula~

animal hemisphere

vegetal hemisphere

dorsal lip of the blastopore

macromeres

micromeres

blastocoel

177
Q

Identify the Image

Top to bottom

A

~Early Frog Grastula~

Animal pole

blastocoel

micromere

dorsal blastoporal lip

macromere

vegetal pole

178
Q

Identify the Image

Left, top, right

A

Follicle cells

Supernumerary nucleoli

Lampbrush chromosome

179
Q

Identify the Image

Left most, counterclockwise

A

Animal pole

vegetal pole

blastocoel

yolk plug

dorsal lip of blastopore

archenteron

180
Q

Identify the Image

left most, counterclockwise

A

Animal pole

blastocoel

macromere

dorsal blastoporal lip

micromere

archenteron

181
Q

Identify the Image

A

Frog Ovary (ready to ovulate)

Oocyte

182
Q

Identify the Image

Top left, left to right

A

Frog Ovary

Oocyte

germinal vesicle

follicle cells

183
Q

Identify the Image

top, left to right

A

Frog Ovary (maturing)

older oocytes

young oocytes

184
Q

Identify the Image

A

Blastomere

Cleavage

185
Q

Identify the Image

left, right

A

Blastomeres

Fertilization Envelope

186
Q

Identify the Image

top, bottom, left, right

A

Blastomeres

Blastocoel

Early Blastula

Later Blastula

187
Q

Identify the Image

top left, down the right side, bottom left

A

Blastocoel

Blastopore

Archenteron

Blastomeres

188
Q

Identify the Image

A

Blastomeres

189
Q

Identify the Image

left, right, bottom

A

Germinal Vesicle

Nucleolus

Starfish Oocyte

190
Q

Identify the Image

top to bottom

A

Fertilization envelope

Perivitelline Space

Female pronucleus

191
Q

Blastulation

A

After several cleavages a cavity forms in the center of a dividing ball

192
Q

Following blastulation, an _________ of peripheral cells creates a second cavity, the ___________

A

Invagination

Archenteron

193
Q

Gastrulation

A

The process of invagination

194
Q

Blastocoel

A

Central cavity formed during blastulation

195
Q

Morula

A

A solid ball of cells formed after multiple divisions

196
Q

Blastopore

A

The opening to the archenteron

197
Q

Perivitelline space

A

The separation between the egg surface and the fertilization envelope

198
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg prior to cleavage

199
Q

Mesolecithal

A

Eggs with relatively large quantity of yolk

ex. Amphibian eggs

200
Q

Oolemma

A

Egg plasma membrane

201
Q

Grey Crescent

A

Sperm entry causes the outer cytoplasm of the animal hemisphere to shift 30 degrees downward on the side where sperm binding occured

The shift exposes a portion of the underlying cytoplasm on the side opposite of sperm binding

This exposed cytoplasm is termed the grey crescent

202
Q

Holoblastic

A

having cleavage planes that divide the egg into separate blastomeres

203
Q

Meridional

A

When a furrow bisect both the poles of the egg passing through the median axis or centre of egg

204
Q

Vegetal Hemisphere

A

The side of the egg with the displaced yolk

205
Q

Animal Hemisphere

A

The part of the egg that does not contain the yolk

206
Q

Dorsal Blastoporal Lip

A

Site of involution

207
Q

Yolk Plug

A

A region between the blastoporal lips of stationary, underlying cell not involved in the involution

208
Q

Neural plate

A

Thickened dorsal tissue

209
Q

Neural fold

A

The neural plate folded into a V-shape

210
Q

Neural ridges

A

the upraised portions of the neural fold

211
Q

Neural groove

A

The central depression in the neural fold

Developmental Biology (7 decks)

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