Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Developmental Biology > Exam II > Flashcards

Exam II Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What the stages of oogenesis?

A

Primordial germ cell
Mitosis
Oogonia
Mitosis
Small primary oocyte
growth and vitellogenesis (cell differentiation)
large primary oocyte
Meiosis I
Secondary oocyte + first polar body
Meiosis II
Ovum + second polar body
Mature Egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do the polar bodies get rid of?

A

excess DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are 3 similarities between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Meiosis
  2. Morphological differentiations
  3. Limited life span
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are 4 differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Mitotic divisions
  2. Meiotic rest points (oogenesis has them)
  3. Timing of differentiation
  4. Developmental rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Talk me through human nuclear maturation

A

Nuclear envelope breakdown > onset of microtubule nucleation > growing microtubule aster > early bipolar spindle > initial chromosome congression > stable chromosome alignment > anaphase > polar body abscission > bipolar MII spondle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does nuclear maturation arrest in oogenesis?

A

Prophase I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

Dividing of cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define Karyokinesis

A

Separating of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Parthenogenesis

A

Development of offspring without need of a male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are two examples of animals that use parthenogenesis for reproducing?

A

Bee
Desert grassland whiptail lizard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Talk me through bee reproduction

A

Queen bee > haploid egg > haploid bee > male bee
Male bee > mitosis > haploid sperm > egg + sprem > diploid bee > female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What kind of egg does the desert grassland whiptail lizard produce?

A

A diploid egg because the chromosomes double prior to meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Talk me through regulation of nuclear maturation in a starfish

A

Radial nerve of starfish > RF (radial nerve factor) > targets ovarian follicle cells > ovarian follicle cells release MIS (maturation inducing substance) > oocyte surface > signal is transfers to cytoplasmic MPF (maturation promoting factor) > meiosis resumes > GVBD (germinal vessicle breakdown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Talk me through the regulation of nuclear maturation in starfish at the cellular level starting with ovarian follicle cells

A

Reproductive season > ovarian follicle cells are receptors for gonadostimuline (GS) > MIS (maturation inducing substance) > G protein > beta/gamma subunits breakdown cAMP > activation of MPF (maturation promoting factor) > GVBD (germinal vessicle breakdown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Talk me through the regulation of nuclear maturation in amphibians (specifically frogs)

  1. Hypothalamus to CSF
  2. Fertilization to resumption of mieosis II
A

Hypothalumus > Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone > gonads > progesteron > c-mos > phosophylation cascade > phosphorylation of p34 = subunit of MPF (p34 +Cyclin) > activation of MPF > releases hold that is a diplotene arrest > egg enters into meiosis II and stops at anaphase (metaphase block) because CSF is inhibiting APC (anaphase promoting complex)

APC -| securin -| separase > destruction of cohesion rings (required for anaphase)

Fertilization > increase in cytoplasmic Ca > activation of calmodulin > breakdown CSF > activation of APC > ubiquitination and degradation securin > activation of separase > destruction of cohesion rings > resumption of mieosis II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens 15 hours, 20 hrs, 35 hrs, and 38 hrs after the ovulatory surge of LH and FSH in humans?

A

0 hrs = ovulatory surge of LH and FSH
15 hrs = GVBD
20 hrs = First meiotic metaphase
35 hrs = Second meiotitc metaphase
38 hrs = ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Talk me through the resumption of meiosis in humans

A
  1. Normally: active GC > increased cGMP > travels through granulosa cells into oocyte > activatate AC > increase cAMP & increase cGMP
  2. Resumption: Increase in LH > activate LHR-G5-AC complex > increase cAMP > increase LH > activate GMP PDE (phosphodiesterase) > breakdown of cGMP > gap junctions close between outer granulsa and oocyte > decrease cGMP in oocyte > activate PDE3A > decrease cGMP & decrease cAMP -| PKA C -| Wee1 + no inhibition on CdC25 > MPF activation

high levels of cAMP > PKA C -| CdC25 > MPF
high levels of cAMP > wee1 -| MPF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 8 important pieces that make up the egg?

A
  1. Haploid nuclease
  2. Ribosomes & tRNA
  3. Enzymes
  4. mmRNAs
  5. Morphogeneic factors
  6. Protective chemicals (esp needed for eggs released into the environment)
  7. Extracellular coats
  8. Yolk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the jelly layer? Do human eggs have one?

A

Protects the egg and attracts sperm
We do not have a jelly layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the vitelline envelvope? Is it specific to mammals?

A

Surroinds the eggs
Zona polusoa
Mamalian specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is mmRNA?

A

Maternal mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 egg types based on yolk?

A
  1. Oligolecithal (little yolk) ex us, sea urchins
  2. Mesolecithal (middle yolk) ex amphibians
  3. Telolecithal (large yolk) ex fish, birds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is an additional structure that teloecithal eggs will have?

A

Germinal disc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the cumulus? What structure does it stem from?

A

A layer of granulosa cells outside of the egg post ovulation
Corona radiate become cumulus after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the cumulus offerus?

A

Stalk?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When do females have the highest egg count? What is it?

A

16-18 weeks after conception
6.5 x 10,000,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many eggs do females have at birth?

A

1-2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How many eggs do females have at the start of puberty?

A

30-40,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How many eggs will a female ovulate in her life?

A

400 (all the others will die off)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does cohesin do?

A

Keeps chromosomes together for migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does the amount of cohesion in the eggs of a young mouse and old mouse differ?.

A

There is less cohesion in the old mouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a trisome? What is an example?

A

When the egg ends up with 3 copies of a chromosome instead of 2
ex. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

At what age do trisomies begin to escalate rapidly?

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What age is considered “advanced maternal age”

A

35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What percentage of fertilized eggs fail to develop leading to spontaneous abortion?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does trisomy 16 result in most of the time? What makes it different form trisomy 21?

A

Leads to a spontaneous abortion
This trend is linear (not exponential after a certain age)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Primordial follicle and primary follicle both fall under the umbrella of what stage of oogenesis?

A

Primary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the difference between a primordial follicle and a primary follicle? What life stages do they occur at?

A 
Primordial = not well-developed follicle cells, what you have at birth 
Primary = follicle/theca cells arise, transcription begins, grow in size, what you have at puberty
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the characteristics of a intermediate/secondary follicle?

A

Increase in layers of granulosa cells
Theca cells split into 2 layers (externa and interna)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

Exists between the theca and granulosa cels of a developing oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the characteristics of a early tertiary/antral follicle?

A

FSH drives development
Follicle grows
Antrum start to appear (individual cavities) filled with liquor follicular to bath the egg in proteins and hormones for development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the characteristics of a late tertiary/antral/graffian follicle?

A

1 large cavity (antrum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How many days does it take for complete mammalian folliculogenesis?

A

355 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the stages of folliculogenesis?

A

Primoridal (primary follicle and secondary follicle)
Growth (preantral, early antral)
Selection (antral, antral)
Matruation (antral, preovulatory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Identify the Image

A

Oogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Identify the Image

A

Nuclear Maturation in Humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Identify the Image

A

Nuclear Maturation in Humans

Prophase I arrest

GVBD

-

Polar Bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Identify the Image

A

Polar Bodies of invertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Identify the Image

A

Shoes spindle portiens, eccentric spindle appartues, first polar body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Identify the Image

A

Mature Graafian Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Identify the Image

A

The egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Identify the Image

A

Amphibian Egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Identify the Image

A

Amphibian Egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Identify the Image

A

Amphibian Egg Polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Identify the Image

A

Oocyte with corona raidata

Prior to ovvulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Identify the Image

A

Ovulated egg with cumulus and cumulus ooserus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Identify the Image

A

Oogenesis throughout the life of the woman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Identify the Image

A

Staining of cohesion of oocytes in diplotene arrest

There is less cohesion in the old mouse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Identify the Image

A

Malformations at diplotene arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Identify the Image

A

Graafian Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Identify the Image

A

Primordial follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Identify the Image

A

Primary Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Identify the Image

A

Intermediate/secondary follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Identify the Image

A

Early tertiary / antral follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Identify the Image

A

Late tertiary/antral/graffian follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Identify the Image

A

Mature Graafian Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Identify the Image

A

Mammalian Folliculogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are the two types of ovulation?

A
  1. Relex (cervical stimulation) ex rabbits
  2. Periodic (cyclic release) ex us
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What are the two main types of cycles?

A
  1. Estrous
  2. Menstraul
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the estrous cycle? What are the 4 phases?

A

Characterized by pronounced period of sexual receptivity

  1. Diestrus: quiescence, small follicles, if prolonged, called anestrus
  2. Proestrus: follicular stimulation, uterine lining proliferation
  3. Estrus: period of receptivity and ovulation
  4. Metestrus: follicles develop into corpora lutea (uterine lining recycled if no fertilization)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What are the 3 cycles of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Ovarian Cycle: mature and release ovum
  2. Uterine cycle: provide an environment for implantation
  3. Cervical cycle: allow movement of sperm into reproductive tract only at appropriate time (mucus keeps bacteria and sperm out and thins when egg is present in the uterus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A

Hypothalumus > GNRH > anterior pituitary > FSH & LH > granulosa & theca interna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

Endocrine producing structure = produces progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What do the spinal arteries do during menstruation?

A

They close off so you don’t have continuous bleeding when the uterine lining is sloughing off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

During what stage of menstration does the endometirum increase in size?

A

Luteal

76
Q

The ovulatory spike refers to a spike in what hormone?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH) (primarily)

Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH)

77
Q

What occurs 15 hrs, 20 hrs, 35 hrs, and 38 hrs after ovulatory spike?

A

15: break down of ovulatory vesicle
20: meiosis I completed
35: meiosis II completed
38: ovulation

78
Q

What occurs 24 hours after estrogen spike?

A

Ovulation

79
Q

How do the levels of estrogen effect the levels of FSH and LH?

A

Low estrogien = supresses FSH and LH
High estrogen = does not suppress FSH and LH

80
Q

What phase of the mentraul cylce varies in length?

A

Proliferative phase

81
Q

Approximately how many days does each phase in the menstrual cycle take?

A

Menstrual phase: 5 days

Proliferative phase: 5-9 days

Luteal phase: 14 days

82
Q

If the embryo implants into the uterine lining what hormone is produced? What does that hormone do?

A

HCG > feedback to corpus luteum > corpus leuteum remains and produces steady levels of progesterone and estrogen > decreased levels of FSH and LH > uteren lining stays

83
Q

Pregnancy tests measure what hormone?

A

HCG

84
Q

What is the start of menopause?

A

No period for one year

85
Q

What occurs in your body for menopause to start?

A

Loss of gonadotropin sensitivity (the follicles FSH and LH target are gone)

86
Q

What are some evolutionary hypotheses about why menopause occurs?

A

Grandmother hypothesis: help DNA offspring survive rather than introduce new DNA offspring

87
Q

How do you go from 5-10 follicles at the start of development to 1?

A

Increae in estrogen > 1. decreased levels of FSH & 2. increase in the number of FSH receptors > cells are able to response to lower and lower levels of FSH > finally one follicle is able to respond to the signals and the others drop off

88
Q

What are the 6 major types of birth control for females?

A
  1. Oral Contraceptive Pills
  2. Nuva Ring
  3. Xulane
  4. Depo-provera
  5. Nexplanon/Implanon
  6. Mirena
89
Q

What are the two types of oral contraceptive pills? How many placebo pills are there? What does progesterone do? What does the

A
  1. Progesterone + estrogen
  2. Progesterone

7 placebo for mensus

Progesterone helps keep cervical mucus thick

Prevents ovulation

90
Q

What is the nuvaring?

A

Places right around cervix that delivers hormones

Have it in for 3 weeks, remove it for 1 week

Pro: lower hormone concentration because they are closer to its target

91
Q

What is Xulane?

A

aka the patch

hormone system (3 weeks in, 1 week out)

92
Q

What is Depo-provera?

A

Shot

Injects hormones in matrix that gets delivered (12 weeks)

93
Q

What is Mirena?

A

IUD

Used to be Cu with cotton string, now with different string and hormones

94
Q

What are the two types of morning after pills?

A
  1. Plan B, Next Choice (progestin only)
  2. Ella (ulipristal acetate) (spike of progesterone)

Both push back ovulation so the sperm will die off waiting of the egg

95
Q

Identify the Image

A

Menstual Cycle

96
Q

Identify the Image

A

3 phases of the menstrual cycle

  1. Proliferation
  2. Luteal
  3. Mensus
97
Q

Identify the Image

A

In depth image of myometrum on bottom and endometrium on top

98
Q

Identify the Image

A

Overlapping view of menstrual cycle

99
Q

Identify the Image

A

Wave of hormones during follicular development

100
Q

Identify the Image

A

Ovarian targets of hormones

101
Q

Identify the Image

A

Ovarian targets of hormones

102
Q

What 4 things does the LH (ovulation) spike cause?

A
  1. Collagenase: break down of collagen in the ovary wall
  2. Prostaglandin: smooth muscle contraction
  3. Water comes in > increase in pressure
  4. Proteases: breakdown wall
103
Q

What is a stigma?

A

When the egg is protruding out of the ovarian follicle

104
Q

Talk me through oocyte pickup?

A

Fimbrea (finger-like projections that pulse with your heartbeat) sweep along the surface of the ovary and pick up the egg as it is released (sits on stalk until then)

105
Q

What do the cilia lining the fallopian tubes do?

A

Help move the egg into the uterus

106
Q

What is sperm capacitation?

A

It means the sperm is able to undergo acrosome reaction

occurs via the female reproductive track

107
Q

What are the 5 changes in sperm that occur during capacitation?

A
  1. Cholesterol removed from the membrane
  2. Membrane proteins/carbohydrates lost (unmasking)
  3. Membrane potential drops
  4. Protein phosphorylation
  5. Acrosomal & plasma membranes conact
108
Q

Why does the cholesterol get removed from the membrane during capacitation?

A

Allows the 2 lipid bilayers to fuse becoming a fusogenic membrane

109
Q

Why is unmasking necessary during capacitation?

A

Sperm is fragile and needs protection so it is covered in proteins and corbaosydres when in the epididymis and during ejaculation

The proteins are removed so the sperm can interact with the egg during capacitation

110
Q

Why does the membrane potential drop during capacitation?

A

Negative charge inside the sperm > signaling events

111
Q

What protein phosphorylation events occur during capacitation?

A

Albumin from female binds to cholesterol efflux in sperm membrane > bicarb influx & K outflux > change in potential > ca channels open > cAMP production > PKA >>>> phsophoyrlation cascade > hyperactivation = “sprint!”

112
Q

What are the 5 steps of fertilization?

A
  1. Approach
  2. Recognition and Binding
  3. Sperm penetration into the egg
  4. Egg activation
  5. Amphimixis
113
Q

Fertilization: Approach

A

Bring sperm and egg into same relative proximity (chemotaxis, spermatophores)

114
Q

What are the two types of External Fertilization? Define them

A
  1. Broadcast Spawning (release eff and sperm into water)
  2. Spermatophores (mass of gelatinous sperm that sticks to the underside of female and female releases eggs onto mass)
115
Q

What is internal fertilization?

A

When fertilization occurs inside the female reproductive tract proper

116
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

aka chemoattraction

egg releases chemicals to attract sperm

It is a species specific process

117
Q

What role does the jelly layer play in broadcast spawners?

A

It make the egg a bigger target

118
Q

What chemical do Urchins use for chemotaxis? What does it cause the sperm to do?

A

Resact (14 aa peptide from egg)

Increases motility and respiration

Taxonomically specific (only sperm from a species that also produces Resact will find the Resact producing egg)

119
Q

What happens with Resact binds to sperm surface?

A

Resact > RGC > converts GTP to cGMP > open ca channels > increase ca > sperm swims towards egg

120
Q

What is seminal fluid comprised of fluid from(2 big things)?

A

Epidiymus (60%): Fructose (energy), prostaglandins, coagulating gel, immunosuppressives

Prostate (25%): protease

121
Q

How long can sperm be viable after ejaculation? How about the egg after ovulation?

A

1-6 days

1 day

122
Q

Why is “the fastest” sperm not always the one to fertilize the egg?

A

Sometimes it only takes sperm 30 min to reach the ovaduct, but they didn’t swim there - they got beat up by the cilia and are not going to be able to fertilize the egg

123
Q

Fertilization: Recognition and Binding

A

Acrosome reaction

Sperm binding to vitelline envelope

124
Q

Fertilization: Sperm penetration into egg

A

Sperm-egg membrane fusion

Fertilization cone (forms at site where sperm in drawn to egg)

125
Q

Fertilization: egg activation

A

Jump start development - gets to metaphase II > boom become active start processes for development and block other sperm entry

126
Q

Fertilization: Amphimixis

A

Syngamy (fusion of the male and female chromatin, the ultimate fertilization event)

127
Q

To the female body, sperm are foreign materials. What does this mean?

A

The female immune system will start attacking the sperm

The vagina has a low pH to prevent pathogen entry but serves a dual purpose because sperm also don’t like it

128
Q

How does seminal fluid help the sperm get past the acidic vagina?

A

Seminal fluid alters the pH, fights the immune system

Coagulating gel prevents back flow (~30% sperm will come back out of the vagina due to gravity)

129
Q

What are three concerns for sperm when trying the pass the cervix?

A
  1. Cervical mucus which inhibits sperm (progesterone increases thickness)
  2. Folds in the wall of the cervix create resistance (only the best sperm will get past the folds = way for fe to select sperm (2 headed sperm will not make it past folds))
  3. Antibodies
130
Q

In comparison to vaginal deposit, transport through the uterus occurs quickly

A

True

There are two places sperm can be deposited: vagina or uterus (depends on animal (we do vagina))

131
Q

How do neutrophil levels change at 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours post-insemination?

A

Withing 6-12 hours after introduction of sperm into the uterus, there is a massive infiltration of neutrophils into uterus lumen

Begin to drop after 12 hours, nearly gone by 48 hours

132
Q

What would a uterus split into horns signify?

A

The animal will reproduce in litters

Multiple babies in both horns

133
Q

What is the oviductal sperm reservoir?

A

Sperm reservoir at the oviductal junction where sperm bind to epithelium/lining of ovaduct

134
Q

What are the 3 possible functions for oviductal sperm reservoir?

A
  1. Helps prevent polyspermy (not all that bind will be released)
  2. Timing (bind and hang out until ovulation)
  3. Capacitation & hyperactivation (complete both)
135
Q

How do the sperm bind to the oviduct?

A

Similar to the sertoli cells in the testes

136
Q

What do we know about human sperm storage?

A
  1. Sperm last longer when attached to female reproductive tract
  2. Location is unkown
137
Q

What is the site of capacitation?

A

Occurs in the oviductal isthmus

138
Q

What are the 8 steps of sperm attachment and detachment?

A
  1. Sperm reservoirs at uterotubual junctions (isthmus)
  2. Sperm lectins bind to glycoconjugates of epithelium of reproductive tract
  3. Isthmus narrowing and mucus may aid in binding
  4. Binding increases survival time and slows capacitation
  5. Ovulaiton
  6. Oviductal secretions increases capacitation
  7. Sperm lectin losses adhesiveness
  8. Hyperactivation of flagella helps release sperm
139
Q

Talk me through the loss of sperm from vagina to ampullae

A

10^7 sperm in vagina

10^5 make it through uterus

10^4 make it to ovaduct

10^2 make it to ampullae

140
Q

Is there chemoattraction in humans?

A

Uuknown

We do know that the majority of sperm will swim to the correct ovaduct

Possibly pojesteron which will open ca changes and direct sperm swimming

141
Q

Do we use thermotaxis?

A

Yes

The ampullae is 2C warmer than the rest of the ovaduct

142
Q

Oocyte transport of egg

A
  1. Oocyte capture ( by fimbriae off extended mucus stalk)
  2. Oocyte transport to ampullae (by cilia)
143
Q

Why would it be unlikley that a sperm would swim past the egg?

A

Cumulus expansion makes the egg bigger so it fills the lumen of the ovaduct

144
Q

Identify the Image

A

Ovary Rupture

145
Q

Identify the Image

A

Mammalian Ovulation

146
Q

Identify the Image

A

Oocyte Pickup

147
Q

Identify the Image

A

Sperm Capacitation

The capaciated sperm have less cholesterol

148
Q

Identify the Image

A

Clustering of sperm due to urchin chemotaxis

149
Q

Identify the Image

A

Split uteri into horns

150
Q

Identify the Image

A

Oviductal Sperm binding

151
Q

Identify the Image

A

Human Sperm Storage

152
Q

Identify the Image

A

Site of Capacitation

153
Q

Identify the Image

A

Summary of Fertilization

154
Q

Acrosome reaction I (Urchin)

A

Fucose sulfate polymer on the jelly of the egg binds to the SURej receptor on sperm > acrosomal exocytosis

  1. Soluble components (enzymes) are releases > breakdown jelly layer
  2. Influx of calcium from internal and external sources > promotes fusion
  3. Sodium proton exchange
155
Q

Induction of the acrosome is species dependent

A

True

156
Q

Acrosome Reaction II (Urchin)

A

Globular actin polymerizes and forms filament that exposes inner acrosomal membrane

157
Q

What molecule is responsible for Urchin acrosomal binding?

A

Bindin which is located on the inner acrosomal membrane

158
Q

How do we know that arcrosomal binding is species specific?

A

Green species with green species

This is significant because you can create a new species by modifying the surface proteins (SURej, binding, etc)

159
Q

What is the receptor to Bindin?

A

EBR1 on the egg binds to Bindin on Sperm

160
Q

What are the two evens that help the sperm penetrate the cumulus?

A
  1. Sperm Hyperactivated (bull its way through the cumulus layer)
  2. Hyaluronidase on the surface of sperm break down GPI between granulosa cells
161
Q

When does the sperm arosome reaction in humans?

A

Not exaclty sure

Sometime during its penetration through the cumulus layer

162
Q

How are human and urchin acrosome reactions different?

A

Humans do not produce an acrosomal filatment

We just exposes the inner acrosomal membrane

163
Q

What exactly does the human sperm bind to?

A

ZP2

Zona Pelucida has 3 main components

ZP 2,3 = structural

ZP 1 = cross link

164
Q

What is gamete fusion?

A

The fusion of the sperm and egg membranes which really allows the sperm to get into the egg

165
Q

What is a unifying theme across gamete fusion?

A

The use of microvilli

166
Q

What is one difference between the way human and mouse sperm bind to the egg?

A

Human sperm bind perpendicularllly

Mouse sperm go in sideways

167
Q

What are the 3 main steps of gamaete fusion?

A

Adhesion

Deydration (get rid of water)

Hemifusion (outer leaflet binds to outer leaflet)

Pore opening and expansion (inner leaflet binds to inner leaflet)

168
Q

What are fusogenic proteins?

A

Proteins that aid in gamete fusion (we don’t know what they are specifically)

169
Q

What is unilateral or bilateral gamete fusion?

A

Unilateral = 1 cell provides the fusogenic proteins

Bilaterial = both cells provide fusogenic proteins

170
Q

What two proteins are bound together for human gamete fusion?

A

Izumo on the sperm

Juno on the egg

171
Q

Identify the Image

A

Urchin Fertilization

172
Q

Identify the Image

A

Mouse Fertilizaiton

173
Q

Identify the Image

A

Human Fertilization

174
Q

Identify the Image

A

Acrosomal Reaction I

175
Q

Identify the Image

A

Acrosomal Reaciton I is species specific

176
Q

Identify the Image

A

Acrosomal Reaction II

177
Q

Identify the Image

A

Urchin Bindin

178
Q

Identify the Image

A

Urchin - species specific binding

179
Q

Identify the Image

A

Binding to the VE Bindin

180
Q

Identify the Image

A

Acrosomal Binding is specieis specific

181
Q

Identify the Image

A

Summary of Urchin Fertilization

182
Q

Identify the Image

A

Zona Pellucida of Egg

183
Q

Identify the Image

A

Sperm bind to ZP 2

184
Q

Identify the Image

A

Possible pathways for mouse fertilizaiton

185
Q

Identify the Image

A

Sea urchin gamete fusion

186
Q

Identify the Image

A

Human gamete fusion

187
Q

Identify the Image

A

Summary of Mammalian Fertilization Sequence

Developmental Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions