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1115 lab exam > lab midterm questions > Flashcards

lab midterm questions Flashcards

1
Q

objective

A

contains lenses to magnify the image

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2
Q

Arm

A

used for a hand grip when carrying the instrument; the other hand should be placed on the base

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3
Q

stage

A

large, flat surface, supports the slide or specimen over the hole that admits light from below

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4
Q

coarse-focus knob

A

changes the distance between the objective lens and specimen to permit rough focusing

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5
Q

blue filter

A

increases resolution by reducing the wavelength of light

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6
Q

mechanical stage

A

holds slide on stage and allows for exact slide manipulation

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7
Q

mechanical stage knobs

A

one knob moves a slide vertically, and the other moves it horizontally

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8
Q

fine focus knobs

A

permits more precise focusing

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9
Q

condenser

A

contains 2 lenses that focus light onto the specimen

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10
Q

iris diaphragm

A

regulates the amount of light passing through the lenses in the condenser. reducing the amount of light increases the visibility of semi-transparent objects

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11
Q

condenser adjustment

A

move the condenser up and down

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12
Q

lamp switch

A

turns the light on and off

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13
Q

lamp intensity dial

A

adjusts the intensity of light bulb

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14
Q

stage clips

A

hold a slide in position over the stage

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15
Q

main switch

A

controls supply of power to scope. must be in the “on” position for either light to work

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16
Q

T switch

A

turns the light below a specimen on and off

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17
Q

I switch

A

turns the light above a specimen on and off

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18
Q

on the light microscope, how is the function of the condenser different from the function of the light source?

A

the condenser focuses the light on the specimen and light source provides the light

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19
Q

how does the image appear in the dissecting microscope

A

right side up, moves the same way you move it

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20
Q

how does the image appear in the compound microscope

A

inverted, upside down and reversed (the left will appear on the right)

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21
Q

where can you find the magnifying power of a microscope lens?

A

it is indicted on the objectives and eyepieces (4x,8x,40x)

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22
Q

what is the ‘field’?

A

the bright circle of light you see when you look through the microscope

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23
Q

how do you calculate magnification?

A

ocular lens x objective lense

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24
Q

how do you calculate the actual size of the specimen?

A

field diameter x fraction of the field occupied by specimen

25
Q

when should you never use the coarse adjustment of the compound microscope?

A

when you are using the highest power objective lens

26
Q

an organism swims across the high power field(0.4mm) in 16 seconds. how fast is it swimming in um/min?

A

0.025mm/second so 0.025mm x 60 seconds= 1.5mm/second –>1.5x100um= 150 um/ minute

27
Q

an object stretches across 1/5 of the low power field (4.5mm). you draw it 6.3cm long. what is the magnification of your drawing?

A

1/5x 4.5mm= 0.9mm

6.3/0.9mm= 7mm

28
Q

an object occupies 2/3 of the high power field(0.45mm). you are told to draw it magnified 660x. what will be the length of you drawing?

A

2/3x0.45= 0.3mm

0.3x 660= 159mm

29
Q

what are the 5 steps in a scientific method

A 
observation 
question 
hypothesis 
prediction 
test
30
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

reasonable explanation for observed phenomenon.

31
Q

can a hypothesis be proven? explain your answer.

A

no because you would have to prove it in every possible way

32
Q

what happens if a hypothesis is rejected?

A

the null hypothesis is accepted

33
Q

distinguish between the experimental test and control test

A

the experimental test receives the single variable being tested and the control does not

34
Q

what is the purpose of the control test?

A

to minimize the effects of variable other than the independent variable
to compare it to the experimental test

35
Q

what is the purpose of replicating your tests?

A

to decrease the likelihood that the observed results are due to chance and increase the likelihood that the results are the response to the environmental conditions

36
Q

null hypothesis

A

a statement that the study subjects have no preference for the environmental conditions of the variable you are testing

37
Q

alternate hypothesis

A

a statement that suggests that the subjects do have a presence for one environmental condition over another. but does not indicate which environmental choice might be preferred

38
Q

list 5 abiotic variables that could affect animals in their natural habitat

A 
temperature 
water/ moisture 
sunlight 
wild
soil type
39
Q

difference between compound and dissecting microscope

A

compound works by letting light pass through the specimen and a sequence of lenses to magnify the image
dissecting used for dissecting specimen, not as powerful as compound

40
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

41
Q

DNA is a polymer of

A

nucleotides

42
Q

Each DNA nucleotide is made of what 3 units?

A

a five-carbon sugar ring (deoxyribose),
a phosphate group
nitrogenous base

43
Q

4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Guanine
Adenine
Cytosine
Thymine

44
Q

what are the 2 nitrogenous base groups

A

Purines - has 2 rings

Pyrimidines - has 1 ring

45
Q

define phosphodiester bond

A

nucleotides joined together via bond between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another

46
Q

positive control

A

something that will give a positive reaction. (positive control for starch is a starch solution)

47
Q

negative control

A

something that will give a negative reaction. (negative control for starch is water)

48
Q

what is a test for starch and what colour does it turn?

A

iodine, blue- black colour

49
Q

what is a reducing sugar test with? what colour does it turn?

A

Benedict’s, green, yellow, red or brown

50
Q

test for proteins? what colour does it turn?

A

Biuret test, violet colour

51
Q

test for lipids? what colour?

A

sudan IV, pink or red

52
Q

Acid Hydrolysis

A

macromolecules break down into monomers in the presence of heat and acid

53
Q

distinguish between resolution and magnification

A

resolution refers to the clarity of an image (distinguishing two objects from one another) , magnification refers to the ability to make small objects seem larger

54
Q

what is the relationship between magnification and the depth of field?

A

the higher the magnification the smaller the depth of field

55
Q

the vertical distance that remains in focus at each magnification is called

A

depth of field

56
Q

describe 2 ways to improve the resolution of the light microscope

A

blue filter improves resolution by reducing the wavelength of light that enters the condenser
resolution can also be improved by adding immersion oil

57
Q

describe 3 ways to improve contrast of a specimen

A

adjust the condenser
reducing the amount of light using the iris diaphragm
using artificial dyes

58
Q

what is contrast

A

a quality that makes the image stand out better

59
Q

what is the pH scale used for

A

a way of describing the concentration of H+ ions in a water solution

1115 lab exam (4 decks)

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