FINAL LAB EXAM

Question 1

where does cell division occur in plants?

Answer 1

in the apical meristem and in the cambrium

Question 2

what is the significance of mitosis?

Answer 2

mitosis is responsible for growth and repair of multicellular organisms, and reproduction in single celled organisms

Question 3

what is mitosis?

Answer 3

is the process by which a nucleus decides to produce 2 daughter nuclei identical in genetic material

Question 4

Diffusion

Answer 4

tendency of small particles or molecules to spread from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

Question 5

plasma membrane

Answer 5

surrounds the cell, controls the diffusion of all molecules in and out of the cell. it is selectively permeable

Question 6

osmosis

Answer 6

is a special case of diffusion. it is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute to high solute concentration (water moves from an area of high to low water concentration)

Question 7

based on your test strip result, what can you conclude happened to the glucose molecules in the experiment?

Answer 7

glucose diffused out of the dialysis tube, it went from high–> low concentration

Question 8

Observe whether or not a blue-black colour is evident and where this colour is located.

Answer 8

Blue-Black colour is present in the dialysis tube but not outside of it. the outside area remained the same

Question 9

on the basis of the chemical test for starch, what must have happened to the iodine?

Answer 9

Iodine diffused through the dialysis tube and came in contact with starch (reason for Blue-black colour)

Question 10

what must have happened to the starch?

Answer 10

it stayed in the same place because its too big

Question 11

if starch is made up of glucose monomers, how would you account or the fact that the starch did not leave the bag?

Answer 11

Starch is a polymer (bigger molecule) and glucose is a monomer (much much smaller). starch is too big too pass through the plasma membrane

Question 12

what materials diffused in opposite directions via the dialysis tubing?

Answer 12

glucose diffused out of the bag and iodine came into the dialysis tube.

Question 13

cell membrane

Answer 13

To protect the cell from its surroundings.It also recognizes certain chemicals and molecules that can or can’t go into the cell.

Question 14

nucleus

Answer 14

it stores the cell’s DNA, and it coordinates the cell’s activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).

Question 15

nuclear membrane

Answer 15

A nuclear membrane or envelope surrounds every nucleus. It’s composed of an inner membrane and an outer membrane separated by the perinuclear space. The nuclear membrane keeps DNA inside the nucleus and protects it from materials in the cytoplasm

Question 16

nucleolus

Answer 16

Function: produces ribosomes then they move out and to position in on the rough endoplasmic reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis
It is found in both animal and plant cells

Question 17

mitochondria

Answer 17

shaped like a tub with rounded ends, it’s where sugar is converted into energy for the cell to use

Question 18

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

Function: produces and modifies proteins
Located next to the nucleus
Called the rough endoplasmic reticulum because it has ribosomes on the surface.
Both plant and animal cells

Question 19

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 19

Function: lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.
Structure: has no ribosomes therefore it is smooth.
In both animal and plant cells

Question 20

ribosomes

Answer 20

very small organelles that carry out protein production. Free floating = make proteins & attached = carry proteins out of the cell

Question 21

Golgi apparatus

Answer 21

stack of “pancakes” membrane disks that sort and package proteins for transport within or out of cell

Question 22

lysosome

Answer 22

One of the key organelles involved in digestion and waste removal is the lysosome. Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Lysosomes are like the stomach of the cell.

Question 23

centrioles

Answer 23

found in animal cells only. may help organize microtubules assembly; a pair is found within the centrosome in animal cells (the plant cell centrosome lack centrioles)

Question 24

Chloroplast

Answer 24

found only in plant cells. Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide gas to produce food for the plant

Question 25

cell wall

Answer 25

found only in plant cells.The cell wall is the protective, semi-permeable outer layer of a plant cell. A major function of the cell wall is to give the cell strength and structure, and to filter molecules that pass in and out of the cell.

Question 26

central vacuole

Answer 26

found only in plant cells.is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within the plant cells to provide structure and support for the growing plant.

Question 27

what is an ideal organism to study?

Answer 27

organisms should be easy to grow or rear, have a rapid generation time, produce many offsprings and take up little space

Question 28

what did Mendel use for his genetic experiments?

Answer 28

Garden sweet peas because they are easy to grow, had many distinct observable characteristics + he could control mating by transferring pollen between specific flowers

Question 29

what is the large chromosome called in a fruit fly?

Answer 29

Polytene. which can be easily seen and studied under a compound microscope.

Question 30

what is the shape of the onion cells?

Answer 30

square or rectangular

Question 31

how can you tell they are plant cells?

Answer 31

cell walls, large vacuoles and chloroplast id observed

Question 32

describe the shape of the nucleus and its size relative to that of the entire cell

Answer 32

circular shape, about 1/10th of a cell (10%)

Question 33

where is the nucleus actually located?

Answer 33

its always between the plasma membrane and vacuole membrane

Question 34

what microscope is necessary to see membranes?

Answer 34

electron microscope

Question 35

why are the leave of Elodea Leaf easy to study?

Answer 35

the leaves of this waterweed are only 2 cells thick, they allow light to pass through and we can study them with the compound microscope

Question 36

what is the general shape of the chloroplasts?

Answer 36

round, oval shaped

Question 37

what is it called when organelles move along the cytoskeleton inside the cells?

Answer 37

Cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis. (cyclosis of chloroplasts is rare in plants but we can usually see it in the Elodea cells)

Question 38

what is the difference in function between the Elodea cells and the onion epidermal cells?

Answer 38

Elodea leaves have green chloroplasts spots which it needs to survive. the onion cells do not have chloroplasts because they grow underground so they don't need to capture sunlight.

Question 39

explain how the presence or absence of certain organelles in the Elodea cells and onion cells relates to the function of each cell.

Answer 39

Since plants are stationary and lack a skeletal system, it makes sense that their cells should have rigid cell walls for support. The Elodea plant is an ideal specimen for observing the cell wall in plants and the chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll, the pigment that makes photosynthesis possible.

Question 40

what are Amyloplasts?

Answer 40

starch is stored in amyloplasts of potatoes. they are easy to see in some organs that store starch.

Question 41

what plant cell structure is seen as these lines/boxes around the amyloplasts in potatoes?

Answer 41

cell wall

Question 42

what is the term used to describe the dialysis membrane?

Answer 42

dialysis tubing or Visking tubing

Question 43

what happens to the amyloplasts when thy come in contact with iodine? based on the colour reaction that you see, what conclusion can you make about the contents of amyloplasts?

Answer 43

the starch in amyloplasts meet iodine and turn blue/purple/black. this shows that amyloplasts contain starch

Question 44

hypertonic solution

Answer 44

solution that has a greater concentration of solutes on the outside of a cell when compared with the inside of a cell.

Question 45

hypotonic solution

Answer 45

solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution. this generally refers to a solution that has less solute and more water than another solution

Question 46

isotonic solution

Answer 46

refers to two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane. This state allows for the free movement of water across the membrane without changing the concentration of solutes on either side

Question 47

plasmolysis

Answer 47

is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution.

Question 48

osmotic pressure

Answer 48

is the minimum pressure which needs to be applied to a solution to prevent the inward flow of its pure solvent across a semipermeable membrane.

Question 49

turgor pressure

Answer 49

is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.

Question 50

what are the 3 outstanding microscopic structural differences between the plant cells you have observed your cheek cells?

Answer 50

Onion cells are brick-like in shape while human cheek cells are rounded. Human cheek cells do not have a cell wall or a large vacuole. Both onion and human cheek cells are epithelial cells. The main difference between onion cell and human cheek cell is the shape and the structure of each type of cells.

Question 51

what are the 4 main stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 51

glycolysis, Acetyl CoA synthesis, Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 52

what is the waste product of cellular respiration?

Answer 52

water and carbon dioxide (the more CO2 generated the more energy is released)

Question 53

do all the stages of cellular respiration happen in the mitochondrion?

Answer 53

no, glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, the last 3 stages ( Acetyl CoA synthesis, citric acid cycle and electron transport chain) occur in the mitochondrion.

Question 54

how does CO2 exit the body?

Answer 54

carbon is transferred by diffusion into the blood of the animal and it is transported to the lungs where it again transfers into the lungs by diffusion and is then exhaled

Question 55

what happens when you combine CO2 from cellular respiration with water?

Answer 55

``` Carbonic acid (H2CO3) this Ould decrease blood pH in the following manner: CO2+H2O--->H2O--> H+ +HCO3- ```

Question 56

how can a protein denature?

Answer 56

when subjected to a change in pH will denature. which is the loss of the secondary and tertiary structure of protein. when all of these things happen, it no longer functions.

Question 57

how many layers does the onion epidermis have?

Answer 57

2 layers

Question 58

define cellular respiration

Answer 58

a set of metabolic reactions and processes that tae place in the cell on an organism to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)

Question 59

what an indirect indicator that cellular respiration is happening in animals?

Answer 59

air intake or breathing

Question 60

what does the pulse oximeter do?

Answer 60

detects a person's oxygen saturation level, which is the % of hemoglobin in arteries red blood cells that carry oxygen. it send 2 wavelengths of light through your finger. 1 wavelength detects bed blood cells with oxygen bound to hemoglobin; the other wavelength detects red blood cells with unbound hemoglobin

Question 61

pulse rate

Answer 61

the # of heart beats per minute

Question 62

ventilation rate

Answer 62

the # of inhale-exhale cycles per minute

Question 63

which measurements showed an increase in the "exercise" column?

Answer 63

ventilation rate and pulse rate

Question 64

explain why any measurements takes after exercise are higher than the readings taken at rest

Answer 64

Red blood cells are working really hard so they can pulse and ventilation needs to increase

Question 65

which measurements stayed the same in the Exercise column?

Answer 65

O2 saturation

Question 66

why did O2 saturation say the same?

Answer 66

Oxygen enters cells through simple diffusion

Question 67

define fermentation

Answer 67

a metabolic process in the absence of oxygen can transform some of the energy in organic compounds to produce ATP

Question 68

give an example of fermentation in humans

Answer 68

Muscle cells when exercising don't get enough oxygen

Question 69

alcoholic fermentation

Answer 69

yeasts produce ethanol and are used in wine and beer making , other waste products are NADH and CO2

Question 70

what is the classic test for CO2?

Answer 70

limewater

Question 71

what happens when you combine limewater and CO2?

Answer 71

calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

Question 72

what colour does yeast turn when it produces CO2

Answer 72

white

Question 73

is CO2 present in the gas coming from the yeast? what do you think it was produced by?

Answer 73

yes, it was produced by yeast cells

Question 74

anaerobic

Answer 74

no oxygen

Question 75

any changes to colour in the test tubes labelled (C+ positive control)? (exp for ethanol)

Answer 75

yes the colour changes to a green blue. positive for ethanol

Question 76

any changes in the test tube labelled "C- for negative control? what information can you obtain from this negative control? (ethanol exp)

Answer 76

yes the colour turned yellow. negative for ethanol

Question 77

observe any changes in the experimental tubes. compare to your controls.

Answer 77

the colour is blue. which means its positive for ethanol.