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1115 lab exam > lab exam part2 > Flashcards

lab exam part2 Flashcards

1
Q

anthocyanin

A

re red, purple, or blue pigments that occur in all tissues of flowering plants

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2
Q

which colours will move furthest up the paper in your chromatography setup? explain your reasoning

A

yellow, orange-yellow because they are less polar (they dissolve well)

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3
Q

name the cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts. what is the function of these cells?

A

the guard cells- they manufacture food by photosynthesis

palisade mesophyll

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4
Q

in what 2 layers does the majority of photosynthesis occur?

A

palisade and guard cell layer

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5
Q

what is the major function of xylem?

A

to transport water from roots to shoots and leaves, but it also transports some nutrients.

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6
Q

what is the major function of phloem?

A

transport of sugars from source tissues

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7
Q

what pigment in leaves was extracted in alcohol?

A

green

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8
Q

what is the the chlorophyll’s pigment solubility

A

chlorophyll is soluble in alcohol

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9
Q

in which organelle is chlorophyll stored?

A

chloroplast

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10
Q

2 major activities in the cell cycle

A

interphase(makes up 90% of the cell cycle) and cell division

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11
Q

what does cell division consist of?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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12
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

the division of the cytoplasm which completes the separation into 2 new cells

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13
Q

what happened during S-phase of interphase?

A

replication of DNA, chromosomes duplicate themselves into 2 sister chromatids

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14
Q

prophase

A

Nucleus dissolves, chromatin coils into chromosomes

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15
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes are moved by spindle microtubules

chromosomes pulled to middle of the cell

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16
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are split and the daughter chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell.

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17
Q

telophase

A

cytokinesis splits the cell in half
nucleus regrows
chromatids unwind back into chromatin

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18
Q

chromosomes come in pairs called

A

homologous pairs

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19
Q

diploid vs haploid

A

Diploid cells contain two complete sets (2n) of chromosomes. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid

20
Q

how does cytokinesis begin in animal cells?

A

through formation of a cleavage furrow

21
Q

what organelle involved in cell division is present in animal, but not plant cells?

A

centrosome

22
Q

how does the process of cytokinesis in animal cells different from that in plant cells?

A

Animal cells divide by a cleavage furrow. Plant cells divide by a cell plate that eventually becomes the cell wall.

23
Q

where does mitosis occur in animals?

A

occurs in the bone marrow and in many epithelia.

24
Q

fertilization

A

the fusion of 2 parental cells or gametes which results in new gene combinations

25
Q

gametes

A

produced in animals when a cell undergoes a special cell division Calle meiosis

26
Q

what does meiosis do?

A

reduces the # of chromosomes food in the cell by half. resulting in haploid (n) products from the division of a diploid (2n)

27
Q

how is meiosis 1 differ from meiosis 2?

A

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, while in meiosis II, sister chromatids separate. Meiosis II produces 4 haploid daughter cells, whereas Meiosis I produces 2 diploid daughter cells. Genetic recombination (crossing over) only occurs in meiosis I.

28
Q

homologous chromosomes pair in a process called

A

synapsis

29
Q

reductional division

A

the total # of chromosomes in each cell will be reduced by half( maternal chromosome goes to one side and paternal goes to the other)

30
Q

equational division

A

the 2nd meiotic division. (the total #of chromosomes per cell does not change with cell division snd ends with production of haploid cells)

31
Q

the production of sperm is called

A

spermatogenesis

32
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubules

33
Q

what is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of end products?

A

oogenesis- results in creating 1-2 million cells in the embryo
spermatogenesis-produce four spermatozoa and four haploid cells

34
Q

plant meiosis

A 
produces haploid(n) SPORES in the processes called sporogenesis. 
this grows into a haploid plant and when it matures it makes gametes by mitosis 
gametes fuse to produce a diploid (n2) zygote -->grows into a diploid plant
35
Q

sporophyte

A

diploid(n2) spore producing plant

36
Q

gametophyte

A

haploid(n) gamete-producing plant

37
Q

sorus

A

contains many sporangia

38
Q

plant gametes are

A

haploid

39
Q

what type of cell devision is produced by gametes? how does it compare to animal gametogenesis?

A

Gametogenesis is the process of forming gametes (by definition haploid, n) from diploid cells of the germ line. … Whereas in spermatogenesis all 4 meiotic products develop into gametes,

40
Q

what would be the genetic advantage of exchanging gametes between 2 plants?is there a disadvantage?

A

so they can survive under different conditions.

some strong genes might not get passed down

41
Q

phenotype vs genotype

A

An organism’s genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism’s phenotype is all of its observable characteristics

42
Q

what is the most widely used model for genetic studies today?why?

A

a fruit fly, Drosophila melanogasters

it breeds at a high rate, only has 4chromosomes

43
Q

rules of inheritance

A

(1) genes are several hundred to thousands of DNA nucleotides long
(2) there are many genes on a chromosome
(3) the chromosomes and genes are copied during the S phase
(4) the 2 versions (alleles) of each gene end up in different gametes after the homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis

44
Q

monohybrid cross

A

cross between 2 individuals that are both heterozygous for the character that we are interested in following

45
Q

the ABO blood groups involve how many alleles and what are they? how many phenotypes do they produce?

A

3 alleles: (I(A), I(B) and i

4 phenotypes: A, B, O, AB

46
Q

antibodies vs antigens

A

antibodies- defensive proteins

antigens- substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

1115 lab exam (4 decks)

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