lab exam part2

Question 1

anthocyanin

Answer 1

re red, purple, or blue pigments that occur in all tissues of flowering plants

Question 2

which colours will move furthest up the paper in your chromatography setup? explain your reasoning

Answer 2

yellow, orange-yellow because they are less polar (they dissolve well)

Question 3

name the cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts. what is the function of these cells?

Answer 3

the guard cells- they manufacture food by photosynthesis

palisade mesophyll

Question 4

in what 2 layers does the majority of photosynthesis occur?

Answer 4

palisade and guard cell layer

Question 5

what is the major function of xylem?

Answer 5

to transport water from roots to shoots and leaves, but it also transports some nutrients.

Question 6

what is the major function of phloem?

Answer 6

transport of sugars from source tissues

Question 7

what pigment in leaves was extracted in alcohol?

Answer 7

green

Question 8

what is the the chlorophyll’s pigment solubility

Answer 8

chlorophyll is soluble in alcohol

Question 9

in which organelle is chlorophyll stored?

Answer 9

chloroplast

Question 10

2 major activities in the cell cycle

Answer 10

interphase(makes up 90% of the cell cycle) and cell division

Question 11

what does cell division consist of?

Answer 11

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 12

what is cytokinesis?

Answer 12

the division of the cytoplasm which completes the separation into 2 new cells

Question 13

what happened during S-phase of interphase?

Answer 13

replication of DNA, chromosomes duplicate themselves into 2 sister chromatids

Question 14

prophase

Answer 14

Nucleus dissolves, chromatin coils into chromosomes

Question 15

metaphase

Answer 15

chromosomes are moved by spindle microtubules

chromosomes pulled to middle of the cell

Question 16

anaphase

Answer 16

chromosomes are split and the daughter chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 17

telophase

Answer 17

cytokinesis splits the cell in half
nucleus regrows
chromatids unwind back into chromatin

Question 18

chromosomes come in pairs called

Answer 18

homologous pairs

Question 19

diploid vs haploid

Answer 19

Diploid cells contain two complete sets (2n) of chromosomes. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid

Question 20

how does cytokinesis begin in animal cells?

Answer 20

through formation of a cleavage furrow

Question 21

what organelle involved in cell division is present in animal, but not plant cells?

Answer 21

centrosome

Question 22

how does the process of cytokinesis in animal cells different from that in plant cells?

Answer 22

Animal cells divide by a cleavage furrow. Plant cells divide by a cell plate that eventually becomes the cell wall.

Question 23

where does mitosis occur in animals?

Answer 23

occurs in the bone marrow and in many epithelia.

Question 24

fertilization

Answer 24

the fusion of 2 parental cells or gametes which results in new gene combinations

Question 25

gametes

Answer 25

produced in animals when a cell undergoes a special cell division Calle meiosis

Question 26

what does meiosis do?

Answer 26

reduces the # of chromosomes food in the cell by half. resulting in haploid (n) products from the division of a diploid (2n)

Question 27

how is meiosis 1 differ from meiosis 2?

Answer 27

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, while in meiosis II, sister chromatids separate. Meiosis II produces 4 haploid daughter cells, whereas Meiosis I produces 2 diploid daughter cells. Genetic recombination (crossing over) only occurs in meiosis I.

Question 28

homologous chromosomes pair in a process called

Answer 28

synapsis

Question 29

reductional division

Answer 29

the total # of chromosomes in each cell will be reduced by half( maternal chromosome goes to one side and paternal goes to the other)

Question 30

equational division

Answer 30

the 2nd meiotic division. (the total #of chromosomes per cell does not change with cell division snd ends with production of haploid cells)

Question 31

the production of sperm is called

Answer 31

spermatogenesis

Question 32

where does spermatogenesis occur

Answer 32

seminiferous tubules

Question 33

what is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of end products?

Answer 33

oogenesis- results in creating 1-2 million cells in the embryo spermatogenesis-produce four spermatozoa and four haploid cells

Question 34

plant meiosis

Answer 34

``` produces haploid(n) SPORES in the processes called sporogenesis. this grows into a haploid plant and when it matures it makes gametes by mitosis gametes fuse to produce a diploid (n2) zygote -->grows into a diploid plant ```

Question 35

sporophyte

Answer 35

diploid(n2) spore producing plant

Question 36

gametophyte

Answer 36

haploid(n) gamete-producing plant

Question 37

sorus

Answer 37

contains many sporangia

Question 38

plant gametes are

Answer 38

haploid

Question 39

what type of cell devision is produced by gametes? how does it compare to animal gametogenesis?

Answer 39

Gametogenesis is the process of forming gametes (by definition haploid, n) from diploid cells of the germ line. ... Whereas in spermatogenesis all 4 meiotic products develop into gametes,

Question 40

what would be the genetic advantage of exchanging gametes between 2 plants?is there a disadvantage?

Answer 40

so they can survive under different conditions. | some strong genes might not get passed down

Question 41

phenotype vs genotype

Answer 41

An organism's genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism's phenotype is all of its observable characteristics

Question 42

what is the most widely used model for genetic studies today?why?

Answer 42

a fruit fly, Drosophila melanogasters | it breeds at a high rate, only has 4chromosomes

Question 43

rules of inheritance

Answer 43

(1) genes are several hundred to thousands of DNA nucleotides long (2) there are many genes on a chromosome (3) the chromosomes and genes are copied during the S phase (4) the 2 versions (alleles) of each gene end up in different gametes after the homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis

Question 44

monohybrid cross

Answer 44

cross between 2 individuals that are both heterozygous for the character that we are interested in following

Question 45

the ABO blood groups involve how many alleles and what are they? how many phenotypes do they produce?

Answer 45

3 alleles: (I(A), I(B) and i | 4 phenotypes: A, B, O, AB

Question 46

antibodies vs antigens

Answer 46

antibodies- defensive proteins | antigens- substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.