lab exam part2 Flashcards
anthocyanin
re red, purple, or blue pigments that occur in all tissues of flowering plants
which colours will move furthest up the paper in your chromatography setup? explain your reasoning
yellow, orange-yellow because they are less polar (they dissolve well)
name the cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts. what is the function of these cells?
the guard cells- they manufacture food by photosynthesis
palisade mesophyll
in what 2 layers does the majority of photosynthesis occur?
palisade and guard cell layer
what is the major function of xylem?
to transport water from roots to shoots and leaves, but it also transports some nutrients.
what is the major function of phloem?
transport of sugars from source tissues
what pigment in leaves was extracted in alcohol?
green
what is the the chlorophyll’s pigment solubility
chlorophyll is soluble in alcohol
in which organelle is chlorophyll stored?
chloroplast
2 major activities in the cell cycle
interphase(makes up 90% of the cell cycle) and cell division
what does cell division consist of?
mitosis and cytokinesis
what is cytokinesis?
the division of the cytoplasm which completes the separation into 2 new cells
what happened during S-phase of interphase?
replication of DNA, chromosomes duplicate themselves into 2 sister chromatids
prophase
Nucleus dissolves, chromatin coils into chromosomes
metaphase
chromosomes are moved by spindle microtubules
chromosomes pulled to middle of the cell
anaphase
chromosomes are split and the daughter chromatids are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
telophase
cytokinesis splits the cell in half
nucleus regrows
chromatids unwind back into chromatin
chromosomes come in pairs called
homologous pairs
diploid vs haploid
Diploid cells contain two complete sets (2n) of chromosomes. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (n) as diploid
how does cytokinesis begin in animal cells?
through formation of a cleavage furrow
what organelle involved in cell division is present in animal, but not plant cells?
centrosome
how does the process of cytokinesis in animal cells different from that in plant cells?
Animal cells divide by a cleavage furrow. Plant cells divide by a cell plate that eventually becomes the cell wall.
where does mitosis occur in animals?
occurs in the bone marrow and in many epithelia.
fertilization
the fusion of 2 parental cells or gametes which results in new gene combinations
gametes
produced in animals when a cell undergoes a special cell division Calle meiosis
what does meiosis do?
reduces the # of chromosomes food in the cell by half. resulting in haploid (n) products from the division of a diploid (2n)
how is meiosis 1 differ from meiosis 2?
In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes separate, while in meiosis II, sister chromatids separate. Meiosis II produces 4 haploid daughter cells, whereas Meiosis I produces 2 diploid daughter cells. Genetic recombination (crossing over) only occurs in meiosis I.
homologous chromosomes pair in a process called
synapsis
reductional division
the total # of chromosomes in each cell will be reduced by half( maternal chromosome goes to one side and paternal goes to the other)
equational division
the 2nd meiotic division. (the total #of chromosomes per cell does not change with cell division snd ends with production of haploid cells)
the production of sperm is called
spermatogenesis
where does spermatogenesis occur
seminiferous tubules
what is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis in terms of end products?
oogenesis- results in creating 1-2 million cells in the embryo
spermatogenesis-produce four spermatozoa and four haploid cells
plant meiosis
produces haploid(n) SPORES in the processes called sporogenesis. this grows into a haploid plant and when it matures it makes gametes by mitosis gametes fuse to produce a diploid (n2) zygote -->grows into a diploid plant
sporophyte
diploid(n2) spore producing plant
gametophyte
haploid(n) gamete-producing plant
sorus
contains many sporangia
plant gametes are
haploid
what type of cell devision is produced by gametes? how does it compare to animal gametogenesis?
Gametogenesis is the process of forming gametes (by definition haploid, n) from diploid cells of the germ line. … Whereas in spermatogenesis all 4 meiotic products develop into gametes,
what would be the genetic advantage of exchanging gametes between 2 plants?is there a disadvantage?
so they can survive under different conditions.
some strong genes might not get passed down
phenotype vs genotype
An organism’s genotype is the set of genes that it carries. An organism’s phenotype is all of its observable characteristics
what is the most widely used model for genetic studies today?why?
a fruit fly, Drosophila melanogasters
it breeds at a high rate, only has 4chromosomes
rules of inheritance
(1) genes are several hundred to thousands of DNA nucleotides long
(2) there are many genes on a chromosome
(3) the chromosomes and genes are copied during the S phase
(4) the 2 versions (alleles) of each gene end up in different gametes after the homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis
monohybrid cross
cross between 2 individuals that are both heterozygous for the character that we are interested in following
the ABO blood groups involve how many alleles and what are they? how many phenotypes do they produce?
3 alleles: (I(A), I(B) and i
4 phenotypes: A, B, O, AB
antibodies vs antigens
antibodies- defensive proteins
antigens- substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
