Lab Heme/Coagulation Flashcards
Within the general category of hemostatic disorders, what are some vascular causes of bleeding?
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome). Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Scurvy.
In the general category of hemorrhagic disorders, what substances can be specifically affected in primary, secondary, and tertiary hemostatis stages?
Primary hemostasis: platelets and vWF. Secondary hemostasis: clotting factors (deficiency, dysfunction, or inhibition). Tertiary hemostasis: factor XIII (failure to normally crosslink fibrin forming polymers of fibrin and excessive fibrinolysis).
Is the ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation normal or abnormal in Bernard-Soulier syndrome?
Abnormal. There is a deficiency of the platelet GPIb, which is needed to crosslink the platelets via vWF. Platelet aggregometry with ADP, collagen, and epinephrin is normal, though.
Is the ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation normal or abnormal in Glanzmann thrombasthemia?
Normal. There is a deficiency of the platelet GPIIb/IIIa, which is needed to crosslink the platelets via fibrinogen. Platelet aggregometry with ADP, collagen, and epinephrin is abnormal, though.
What factor is deficient in hemophilia A, B, and C?
Hemophilia A: factor VIII. Hemophilia B: factor IX. Hemophilia C: factor XI.
Elevations in PTT with normal PT and TT indicate deficiency, dysfunction, or inhibiton of what factors? What about elevation of PT with normal PTT and TT? What about elevation of PT and PTT with normal TT?
Elevations in PTT with normal PT and TT - factors VIII, IX, XI, or XII. Elevation of PT with normal PTT and TT - factor VII. Elevation of PT and PTT with normal TT - factors II, V, or X.
How is severity of hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency) classified?
Severe (5% activity). 70% of cases are severe, 15% are moderate, and 15% are mild.
__% of patients with hemophilia A develop a factor VIII inhibitor with factor VIII replacement therapy.
25% of patients with hemophilia A develop a factor VIII inhibitor with factor VIII replacement therapy.
Hemoglobin makes up approximately (#)% of the cytoplasmic protein in a RBC. Hemoglobin is composed of (#) alpha-globins and (#) non-alpha-globins that are conjugated to (#) heme molecules that each contain (#) iron atom. Each hemoglobin molecule is capable of reversibly binding and transporting (#) oxygen molecues.
Hemoglobin makes up approximately 98% of the cytoplasmic protein in a RBC. Hemoglobin is composed of 2 alpha-globins and 2 non-alpha-globins (usually beta-globin in adults) that are conjugated to 4 heme molecules that each contain 1 iron atom. Each hemoglobin molecule is capable of reversibly binding and transporting 4 oxygen molecues.
Sideroblastic anemia.
The sideroblastic anemias are characterized by abnormal iron metabolism and heme synthesis within RBCs. In these disorders, iron is sequestered in erythroid cell mitochondria, making it unavailable for heme synthesis. The iron deposition swells and distorts the mitochondria. Because the mitochondria in a developing bone marrow erythrocyte are found in a perinuclear distribution, iron stains in these disorders show a characteristic pattern of iron staining with siderotic granules distributed around the RBC precursor nucleus, forming ringed sideroblasts. Sideroblastic anemias may be hereditary (either autosomal or X-linked) or acquired later in life. Acquired sideroblastic anemias arise from idiopathic causes (usually as a part of a myelodysplastic disorder) and toxic insults (lead, drugs, or alcohol).
Sideroblastic anemias are due to disordered ___ synthesis, and thalassemias are due to disordered ___ synthesis.
Sideroblastic anemias are due to disordered heme synthesis, and thalassemias are due to disordered globin synthesis.
What are Weibel-Palade bodies?
Weibel-Palade bodies are characteristic inclusions of endothelium measuring up to 3 um in maximum dimension. These membrane-bound structures contain up to 25 parallel tubular arrays. These bodies are the site of storage of von Willebrand factor.
What is the LAP score?
Alkaline phosphatase activity is found in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, osteoblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and some lymphocytes. The alk phos level of peripheral blood neutrophils is quantitated by the leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score and is a useful screening test to differentiate chronic myelogenous leukemia from leukemoid reactions and other myeloproliferative disorders. The LAP score is usually performed using the Kaplow procedure. The LAP score is determined by evaluation of the staining intensity (ranging from 0 to 4+) of 100 counted neutrophils or bands. Normal LAP scores range from 15 to 130, but there may be variation in these ranges between laboratories. Entities with a low LAP score (130): Infections, growth factor therapy, myeloproliferative disorders other than CML, inflammatory disorders, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, stress, drugs (lithium, corticosteroids, estrogen). There is rapid loss of alk phos activity in samples drawn in EDTA anticoagulant. The test is optimally performed on fresh capillary blood fingerstick smears or on blood anticoagulated with heparin and should be performed within 48 hours after collection of the sample. The blood smears may be held in the freezer for 2-3 weeks with little loss of activity.
Defect in what RBC structural protein causes hereditary spherocytosis?
HS can be caused by any one of several defects in cytoskeletal proteins, including band 3, protein 4.2, spectrin (alpha and beta), and ankyrin. A deficiency in any of these components can lead to the cytoskeletal instability that underlies HS.
Defect in what RBC structural protein causes hereditary elliptocytosis?
The most common genetic defect (present in ~60^ of all cases of HE) is in spectrin (alpha or beta). Other mutations that cause HE are in band 4.1, band 3, and glycophorin C.
What % of elliptocytes are necessary for the diagnosis of hereditary elliptocytosis?
> 25% of all RBCs.
Defect in what RBC protein causes hereditary stomatocytosis?
Stomatin (causes defect in RBC sodium and potassium channels).
What are the formulas for calculating MCV, MCHC, and Hct?
MCV = Hct x 1000 / RBC. MCHC = Hb / Hct x 100. Hct = MCV x RBC.
What are the formulas for calculating absolute reticulocyte count, corrected reticulocyte count, and reticulocyte production index?
ARC = % retics x RBC. CRC = % retics x Hct / 45. The CRC takes into account spuriously increased reticulocyte percentages due to a low Hct. RPI = CRC x 1 / correction factor. The RPI reflects the fact that in anemia, reticulocytes are released earlier from the marrow and therefore have a longer maturation time than normal to mature into red cells. The correction factor is 1.0 when the Hct is normal, 2.0 when Hct is 30, and 3.0 when Hct is 15.
Most commonly, hemoglobin is measured by the ___ method.
Most commonly, hemoglobin is measured by the cyanohemoglobin (hemiglobin cyanide) method, in which hemoglobin is converted to hemiglobin cyanide (HiCN), whose concentration is measured by spectrophotometry. To carry out this conversion, blood is dissolved in a solution of potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide which oxidizes the hemoglobin to hemiglobin (Hi; methemoglobin) and then converts it to hemiglobin cyanide (HiCN). The solutions’ absorbance at 540 nm reflects the amount of hemoglobin originally present. This methods detects all forms of hemoglobin (Hb, HbO2, Hi, HbCO) except sulfhemoglobin (SHb).
What do MCHC and MCH measure? When is MCH useful?
MCH is derived from the ratio of total hemoglobin expressed as g/L and the erythrocyte count expressed as x 10^12/L, the results are presented in picograms (10^-12 g). Therefore, MCH provides an absolute gravimetric measurement of the hemoglobin in the average erythrocyte. MCHC, however, provides the ratio of the hemoglobin to the volume of the average cell. MCHC is useful in many conditions, such as normochromic normocytic anemias, where the amount of hemoglobin produced parallels changes in the MCV. However, when evaluating conditions with a decreased eruthrocyte volume, such as thalassemia or iron deficiency, or increased absolute erythrocyte hemoglobin such as hemochromatosis, changes in erythrocyte volumes create problems in interpretation if the MCV or MCHC are used. For example, as erythocytes age, the MCV will increase and consequently the MCHC will decrease, yet the absolute amount of MCH does not change. Such constancy of the MCH is why decreased MCH is used as a tool for evaluating possible thalassemia, iron deficiency, or hemochromatosis.
What laboratory monitoring tests are used for the following anticoagulants: Coumadin, Heparin, LMW heparin, Fondaparinux, Rivaroxaban, Argatroban, Lepirudin, Bivalirudin, Dabigatran.
Coumadin: INR. Heparin: PTT, anti-factor Xa. LMW heparin: Anti-factor Xa if needed. Fondaparinux: Anti-factor Xa if needed. Rivaroxaban: Anti-factor Xa if needed. Argatroban: PTT. Lepirudin: PTT. Bivalirudin: ACT. Dabigatran: Thrombin time to test for residual drug. Dilute thrombin time to assess extent of anticoagulation or test for residual drug.
Coumadin reduces the synthesis of what coagulation factors?
Factors II, VII, IX, and X, as well as protein C and protein S.
How are heparin and the LMW heparins different in mechanism of action?
Heparin inhibits the coagulation cascade at multiple sites; all of the activated coagulation factors, except factor III, are targets. The LMW heparins inhibit the action of factors II and X, and the different LMW heparins may inhibit them to different extents.