Lab Final Flashcards by Eddie Urtiaga

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

Cocci - sperical

Bacilli - rod shaped

Spirilli - corckscrew

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What pigment is chlorphyll?

green

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Compare heterotroph, autotroph and mixotroph

Heterotroph - Ingest food for energy and uses organic carbon source (animals, fungi)

Autotroph - Makes its own food via light/chemicals (plants, algae, cyanobacteria)

Mixotroph - alternate between photosynthesis and heterotroph

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Photoautotrophs use ___________ to produce carbon.

photosynthesis

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What is formed by the fusion of two coenocytic gametangia?

zygosporangia

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What is heterothallism?

No sexes just (+) (-), increases genetic variability

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What is the fruiting body of the ascomycota?

Ascocarp - contains spores

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The ascus produces ___________.

ascospores

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What is the fruiting body of the basidiomycota?

basidiocarp

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The basidia produces _________.

basidiospores

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The stamen includes the _________ and __________.

anther and filament

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The carpel includes what three things?

Stigma

Style

Ovary

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Compare monocot vs dicot

Monocot - 3,6 petals

Dicot - 2,4,5 petals

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The _______ carries water and nutrients from roots to branches and leaves.

Xylem

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The ________ carries sugar (photosynthate) to all parts of the plant

Phloem

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What are nematocysts and what phylum uses them?

Harpoon of neurotoxins used to paralyze prey. Used by cnidaria (jellyfish).

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What is the spongocoel?

the central cavity in the body of a sponge

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What 5 classes belong to the phylum echinodermata?

Asteroidea (sea star)
Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
Crinoidea ( sea lillies)
Holothuroidea (sea cucumber)
Echinoidea (sea urchin/sand dollars)

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What is a madreporite and what class has them?

Asteroidea (sea stars). Where water passes through vascular system.

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What are tube feet used for in echinoderms and what operates them?

Locomotion or collecting food. Operated by water-vascular system

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What is a notochord?

Structural support, site of muscle attachement.

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Notochords are derived from the _________ and are always present in the __________ stage.

mesoderm

embryonic

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In vertebrates, pharyngeal slits are used for ___________.

respiration

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In invertebrates, pharyngeal slits are used for ___________.

feeding

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What are 5 common characteristics of Chordata?

1. Notochord 2. Pharngeal slits 3. Hollow doral nerve cord 4. Post-anal tail 5. Presence of yolk sac in eggs

The hollow dorsal nerve cord in Chordates are formed from ________ and forms into the ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

ectoderm central nervous system

The ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_is sometimes only in embryonic stages and sometimes in adults.

Post-anal tail

The class hyperoartia (lampreys) are jawless vertebrae that belongs to what phylum?

Chordata

What are common characteristics of the phylum porifera?

1. No nervous system 2. No digestive system 3. No circulatory system 4. Inner surface = **choanocytes**

What are common characteristics of Cnidaria?

1. Polyp and medusa stage 2. Nerve net 3. Diffusion 4. Catch prey with nematocysts

What are 3 classes of Cnidaria?

1. Hydrozoa 2. Schyphozoa 3. Anthozoa

Describe hydrozoa feeding, nervous sytem, and circultory system?

**Feeding**: extend tentacles and sting with **nematocyts** **Nervous system**: simple **nerve net** **Circulatory system**: **diffusion** through walls

How do anthozoans reproduce?

- Spawn eggs/sperm through mouth - Asexually by budding/binary fission

Describe schyphozoa feeding, nervous sytem, and circultory system?

**Feeding**: mouth/central stomach, diverticula radiating, use **nematocyts** **Nervous system**: **nerve net** **Circulatory system**: **diffusion** through body, mostly water

Compare gymnosperm and angiosperm seeds.

Gynosperm seeds are NOT enclosed in ovule (pine cone) Angiosperm seeds are surrounded by the ovule (apple)

What are common characteristics of echinodermata?

- **Pentamerous** symmetry (NOT radial) - **Oral/aboral** sides - **Embryos bilaterally** symmetric - **Rigid** internal skeleton - **Water vascular system**/tube feet

What is the representative species of the class Asteroidea?

Sea Star

What is the representative species of the class Ophiuroidea?

Brittle star

What is the representative species of the class Holothuroidea?

Sea cucumber

What is the representative species of the class Crinoidea?

Sea lillies

What is the representative species of the class Echinoidea?

sea urchin/sand dollars

What is the representative species of the class Hypoeroartia?

Lamprey

What is the representative species of the phlum Cnidaria?

Schyphozoa (jellyfish)

What are common characteristics of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)?

- **Bilateral** and **unsegmented** - **No circulatory system** (flat shaped allows for **diffusion**) - Digestion **incomplete** (one opening) - **Acoelomate** (no body cavity)

What are common characteristics of the phylum Annelids (leeches/earthworms)?

- **Bilateral** and **segmented** - **Coelomates** (fluid filled body cavity lined from mesoderm) - Some have **parapodia** for movement

What are common characteristics of the phylum Nematoda?

- **Parasitic** - Represent **90%** of all animals - **Nervous system throughout** body - **Pseudocoelomates** (false cavity, mesoderm fluid **partially** filled)

What is the common species of gastropods?

snails/slugs

What is the common species of bivalves?

Clams/oysters/mussels

What is the common species of cephalopods?

squids/octopus

What is the common species of polyplacophora?

Chitons

What are the 4 classes in the phylum Mollusca?

1. **Gastropoda** - snails/slugs 2. **Bivalvia** - Clams/oysters 3. **Cephalopoda** - squids/octopus 4. **Polyplacophora** - Chitons

What is the common characteristics of the phlym arthropoda?

- **Exoskeleton** made of chitin - **Segmented** - **Jointed appendages**

What is the common species of chelicerata?

Spiders/scorpions

What is the common species of myriapoda?

centipedes/milipedes

What is the common species of hexapoda?

Beetles

What is the common species of crustacea?

crabs/lobsters

What is the common species and characteristics of Urochordates?

**Ascidians/tunicates** - **Attached** to **substrate** - **Tunic** made of cellulose

What is the common species and characteristics of cephalochordates?

**Lancets** - All **4 chordate characteristics** in adulthood (Notochord, pharyngeal slits, hollow doral nerve cord, post-anal tail)

What is the common species and characteristics of Chondrichthyans?

**Sharks/rays** - **Cartilaginous** fishes (Bones made of cartiage ONLY) - **Paired fins**

What is the common species and characteristics of Actinopterygii?

**Normal fish** **Operculum** - protects gills **Swim bladder** **Bony spines** and **scales**

What is the common species and characteristics of Amphibia?

**Frogs/salamanders** - **Egg sacs** deposited in water - **Aquatic larvae** with gills - Undergoes **metamorphosis**

What is the common species and characteristics of Reptilia?

**Birds/lizards/crocodiles/snakes** - Body covered with **scales/feathers** - **Lungs** - Lay **eggs outside** body - Birds **endothermic**, reptiles **exothermic**

What is the common species and characteristics of Mammalia?

**Panda/Whales/Otters** - **Endothermic** (create own heat) - **Hair** - **Internally fertilized eggs** - Feed young with **milk**