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Biology 211 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Fungi are _______(cells never have more than one flagellum)

More specifically, they are ________(the single flagellum is always located at the posterior end of the cell)

A

Unikonts

Opisthokonts

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2
Q

The common ancestor of the opisthokonts was likely _______ and _______.

A

unicellular and flagellated

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3
Q

Evolutionist believe the common ancestor of opisthokonts was unicellular, which suggests __________ evolved in fungi and animals independently.

A

multicellularity

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4
Q

Evolutionists believe fungi arose around ______ mya.

A

460

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5
Q

For nutrition, all fungi are __________.

A

absorptive heterotrophs

-more specifically, absoptive chemotrophs

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6
Q

Define absorptive heterotroph

A

A feeding strategy where an organism absorbs small organic compounds from enviroment and uses them for both energy and carbon source.

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7
Q

Many fungi secrete ________ into the environment to break down large organic molecules into small molecules that they can absorb.

A

enzymes

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8
Q

What 3 types of fungi exist and what do each absorb?

A
  1. Decomposers - break down dead organic matter (e.g. animal flesh, fruit, plant cellulose or lignin…) and absorb the products
  2. Parasits/pathogens - absorb small organic molecules from living cells
  3. Mutualists - absorb small organic molecules from living host, BUT also do something positive for the host
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9
Q

Fungal cells have cell walls that include the molecule _______.

A

chitin - a fibrous polysaccharide

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10
Q

What are the 2 major body forms of fungi?

A
  1. Unicellular fungi (yeasts) - unicellularity seems to have evolved several times in fungi (the common ancestor of the fungi was multicellular)
  2. Multicellular fungi - made of many tubular filaments called hyphae, which form a mass called mycelium
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11
Q

The common ancestor of the fungi was _____cellular.

A

multi

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12
Q

Hyphae forms a mass called _______.

A

mycelium

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13
Q

What are the two different forms of hyphae?

A
  1. Some hyphae are septate – the cells are separated by incomplete cross-walls called septae. Pores in the septae are pretty large, and sometimes allow nuclei to move from cell to cell.
  2. Some hyphae have no septae – these are known as coenocytic fungi. They basically consist of one large cell with many nuclei.
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14
Q

Septate hyphae contain ______, or cross wall that separate nuclei.

A

septae

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15
Q

Coenocytic are one large cell with many _______.

A

nuclei

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16
Q

The production of haploid ________ is important to most fungi.

A

nuclei

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17
Q

Unicellular fungi may reproduce asexually via ______ (simple

“fission”, or sometimes “budding”)

A

mitosis

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18
Q

Multicellular fungi may reproduce asexually by simply ________ into several parts; each part continues growing.

A

breaking

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19
Q

Sexual reproduction in fungi starts with __________, when two haploid fungi fuse.

A

karyogamy

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20
Q

Decomposers play an important role in the environment by:

A
  1. Getting rid of dead organisms
  2. Helps form the soil
  3. Recycles minerals and other nutrients (e.g. fungi respire CO2 into atmosphere)
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21
Q

Some hyphae produce __________, projections that press into plant cells without breaking through the plasma membranes

A

haustoria

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22
Q

What are mycorhizae fungi?

A

Fungi that interact with plant roots; fungal hyphae form huge surface area of rootlike structure that provides water and minerals to plant, and plant provides photosynthate.

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23
Q

What are the two types oif mycorhizae?

A
  1. Ectomycorhizae - fungal hyphae wrap around the plant roots but do not penetrate plant cells
  2. Arbuscular - fungal hyphae penetrate into the root and enter the cell walls
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24
Q

Mycorhizae are essential for almost all _______ plants.

A

vascular

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25
Q

_________ fungi live in the above-ground parts of plants.

A

Endophytic

  • these may be commensals or mutualists; exact relationship to host plant often not known
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26
Q

Lichens are stable symbioses formed by a ________ + a __________.

A

a fungus + a photosynthetic organism (a cyanobacterium or green alga, or both)

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27
Q

What are good indicators for air pollution since they can’t get rid of heavy metals and other toxins they absorb?

A

Lichens

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28
Q

Lichens can reproduce asexually by ___________, or by producing __________- a few photosynthetic cells bound by fungal hyphae

A

fragmentation

soredia

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29
Q

What are some characteristis of chytrids?

A
  • ALL aquatic
  • can be unicellular/multicellular
  • decomposers, parasites, and mutalists
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30
Q

What are some characterists of zygomycetes?

A
  • ALL terrestrail (moist places)
  • some decomposers, parasits or commensals
  • hyphae are coenocytic
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31
Q

When there is lots of food, zygomycetes reproduce _________.

A

asexually

-hyphae form sporangia and make spores by mitosis

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32
Q

When food is scarce, zytomycetes reproduce _______.

A

sexually

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33
Q

Describe sexual reproduction in zygomycetes

A
  1. Hyphae of two mating types grow towards each other
  2. Form gametangia which fuse to make zygosporangium (n+n)
  3. Haploid gamete nuclei in the zygosporangium fuse (karyogamy)
  4. Haploid sexual spores are released
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34
Q

80% of all known plant species form mutualistic symbioses with __________.

A

glomeromycetes

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35
Q

Almost all _________ are mutualistic symbionts of plants, forming arbuscular mycorhizae

A

glomeromycetes

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36
Q

What two synapomorphies link ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

A
  1. ALL have septate hyphae
  2. They have a dikaryon stage
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37
Q

What is a dikaryon stage?

A

A stage after plasmogamy and before karyogamy, where two (and only two) genetically different haploid nuclei coexist in each hyphal cell

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38
Q

_________are also known as “sac fungi”, since they form small sacs (asci; singular ascus) in which meiosis occurs to produce ascospores.

A

Ascomycetes

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39
Q

For ascomycetes, asexual reproduction happens by the formation of ________

A

conidia (haploid spores)

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40
Q

What gives some mold their color?

A

conidia

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41
Q

For ascomycetes, sexual reproduction happens when ____________ which results in _______________.

A

haploid hyphae fuse (plasmogamy)

8 haploid ascospores

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42
Q

What are ascocarps?

A

The fruiting bodies of some multicellular ascomycetes

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43
Q

Penicillin is produced from what ascomycetes fungus?

A

The green mold Penicillium

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44
Q

Yeasts (unicellular fungus) reproduce asexually by ________.

A

budding

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45
Q

For ascomycetes, describe sexual reproduction

A
  1. Cells of different mating types fuse
  2. Zygote nucleus undergoes meiosis to form ascospores
  3. The whole cell is the ascus
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46
Q

What type of fungi do we typically think of as mushrooms?

A

basidiomycetes

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47
Q

Describe reproduction in basidiomycetes

A

ONLY reproduce sexually

  1. Haploid hyphae fuse (plasmogamy)
  2. Dikaryotic hyphae form a fruiting body (basidiocarp), which bears many basidia
  3. Karyogamy occurs, making a single diploid nucleus in each basidium; this undergoes meiosis, making 4 haploid cells, each of which becomes a basidiospore
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48
Q

In contrast to plants and fungi, animals cells lack a __________.

A

Cell wall

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49
Q

Animals are heterotrophsby _______, fungi are heterotrophs by __________.

A

ingestion

absorption

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50
Q

What is the significance of a short-lived diploid state in fungi?

A

Generate genetic variation

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51
Q

Which are two possible relationships between plants and fungi?

A
  1. Plants depend on fungi as mutualistic symbionts
  2. Plants are harmed by fungal pathogens
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52
Q

Gastrulation is the process that directly forms the ________

A

primary germ layers

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53
Q

The earliest ancestors of about 50% of all extant animal phyla can be traced back to the _____ explosion.

A

Cambrian

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54
Q

____________ are sister-taxon to the animals.

A

choanoflagellates

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55
Q

What is the key difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom?

A
  • Coelom is completely lined with mesoderm tissueand
  • Pseudocoelom IS NOT completely lined by mesoderm layer
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56
Q

Which feature of deuterostome development explains the formation of identical human twins?

A

Deuterostomes have indeterminate development

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57
Q

Cnidarians have a _____________, which is the digestive compartment of cnidarians.

A

Gastrovascular cavity

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58
Q

The animal phylum most like the protists that gave rise to the animal kingdom is ___________.

A

Porifera (sponges)

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59
Q

Choanoflagellates are _________ feeders

A

suspension

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60
Q

Describe the morphology of choanoflagellates.

A

Cells with one flagellum, surrounded by a ring of microvilli

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61
Q

Multicellularity evolved in _______ and ________.

A

Fungi and animals

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62
Q

How did multicellularity arise in the common ancestor of the animals?

A

The evoloution of:

Cell adhesion proteins- proteins that allowed cells to stick together

Cell junctions

Cell signalling pathways- cell communication

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63
Q

What are cadherins?

A

Cell adhesion proteins found in ALL animals.

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64
Q

Animals are a ____________ taxon

A

monophyletic

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65
Q

What do animals cells have to choanoflagellates do not which allows for cell ahesion (multicellularity)?

A

Cytoplasmic cadherin domain (CCD)

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66
Q

What synapomorphies of the animals differentiate them from choanoflagellates and other eukaryotes?

A
  1. Unique cell junctions
  2. Extracellular matrix molecules (collagen)
  3. Cell ahesion molecules (CCD-cadherin)
  4. Cell signaling pathways
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67
Q

What are some features of animals?

A
  1. ALL multicellular
  2. All chemohetertrophs
  3. All digest food internally
  4. Specialized cells for electical signals (nerve) and contract (muscle)
  5. Have Hox genes - control patterning of embryo
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68
Q

How can we categorize animal diversity?

A
  1. Body symmetry - radial or bilateral
  2. Cleavage patterns - radial or spiral
  3. Number of embryonic tissue layers
  4. Fate of blastopore
  5. Body cavities
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69
Q

Bilateral symmetry is associated with _____________, a brain.

A

cephilization

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70
Q

Radially symmetrical animals tend to be _________.

A

sessile

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71
Q

If only two embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm and endoderm) are formed, the animal is called a _____________.

If a 3rd layer (the mesoderm) is formed between the other two, the animal is called a ______________.

A

diploblast

triploblast

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72
Q

Compare radial cleavage and spiral cleavage

A

Radial - all divisions are parallel/perpendicualr to AV axis

Spiral - Starting from 3rd division, all divisions are slightly off-parallel/perpendicular from AV axis

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73
Q

Radial cleavage is associated with _______________ development.

A

Indeterminate

Each cell in 2 and 4 cell stage can develop into complete organism (twins)

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74
Q

Spiral cleavage is associated with ____________ development.

A

determinate

Each cell in 2 and 4 cell stage is determined for specific function

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75
Q

The zygote undergoes cleavage to form the _________.

A

blastula

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76
Q

The hollow space inside the blastula is called the ____________.

A

blastocoel

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77
Q

When cells from the outside of the blastula move into the blastocoel, this is called ____________.

A

gastrulation

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78
Q

The endoderm surrounds a space called the __________, and connects

to the outside via the __________.

A

archenteron

blastopore

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79
Q

In __________, the blastopore becomes the mouth.

A

Protostomes (mouth first)

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80
Q

In __________, the blastopore becomes the anus.

A

deuterostomes (mouth second)

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81
Q

What are the 3 types of body cavities in animals (in addition to the gut)?

A

acoelomate: no fluid-filled cavity - Full of mesoderm

pseudocoelomate: there is a fluid-filled cavity between gut and ectoderm… but it is not completely lined by mesodermal tissue

coelomate: there is a fluid-filled cavity between gut and ectoderm… and it is completely lined by mesodermal tissue called peritoneum

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82
Q

Protostome development is correlated with ________ cleavage.

A

Spiral (determinate)

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83
Q

Deuterostome development is correlated with __________ cleavage.

A

Radial (indeterminate)

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84
Q

For protostomes, the coelom is formed by the splitting of the ______________.

A

mesoderm

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85
Q

For deuterostomes, the coelom is formed from folds of ______________.

A

archenteron

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86
Q

Compare direct and indirect development

A

Direct development:

zygote → embryo → juvenile → adult

Indirect development:

zygote → embryo → larva → juvenile → adult

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87
Q

What is a larva stage?

A

Stage where organism looks very different than juvenile/adult stage and undergoes metamorphosis

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88
Q

For animals that are sessile as adults, dispersal usually takes place in the ________ stage.

A

larval

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89
Q

Vertebrates are a subgroup of the phylum __________.

A

Chordata

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90
Q

Animals in the clade Bilateria are __________ symmetirical ______blasts.

A

bilaterally

triploblasts

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91
Q

What are 5 features of sponges?

A
  • Asymmetric (neither radial nor bilateral)
  • no true tissue layers (so neither diplo nor triploblastic)
  • no digestive system
  • no nerves
  • no muscles
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92
Q

Compare unitary and colonial animals

A

Unitary - one individual (humans, birds)

Colonial - adult is composed of many “individual animals” that function together

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93
Q

What are the 3 cell layers for Porifera (sponges)?

A
  1. Outer layer - epidermis​ (pores)
  2. Middle layer - mesohyl (spicules + spongin)
  3. Inner layer - choanocytes (look like choanoflagellates)
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94
Q

Porifera are __________ feeders.

A

suspension

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95
Q

The cnidarians and ctenophores are ____blastic.

A

diploblastic

96
Q

What are 4 features of Cnidaria (jellyfish)?

A
  • Radially symmetrical diploblasts
  • Have a gut (NO anus)
  • Have contractile cells
  • Have nerves
97
Q

Cnidaria come in two body types: _______ and ________.

A

polyp and medusa

98
Q

In Cnidaria, the ectoderm forms the _________ and the endoderm forms the __________.

A

epidermis

gastrodermis

99
Q

Cnidaria catches prey using ________, the most common of which is __________.

A

cnidae

nematocyst

100
Q

In species with both polyp and medusae, the polyp reproduces _________, and the medusa _________.

A

asexually

sexually

101
Q

Cnidarians usually have a _______ larval stage

A

planula

102
Q

The two major clades of cnidarians are:

A
  1. Medusozoans - have medusa and polyp in life cycle
  2. Anthozoans - only a polyp in life cycle
103
Q

A type of Anthozoan is a _________

A

coral

104
Q

___________ have mutualistic symbiosis with dinoflagellates

A

Corals

105
Q

In corals, warming and stress can lead to the expulsion of _____________ (coral bleaching)

A

dinoflagellates

106
Q

Ctenophora are _________ symmetrical diploblasts.

A

radially

107
Q

Ctenophora swim using _________, which are arranged in 8 rows (comb rows)

A

Ctenes

108
Q

Bilaterians are ___________ symmetrical triploblasts and have a _________ gut.

A

bilaterally

complete

109
Q

Why do triploblasts have to increase their Surface Area to Volume ratio?

A

They have a middle tissue layer (mesoderm) which needs to perform gas exchange.

110
Q

What are the 3 clades of Bilaterians?

A
  1. Deuterostomia
  2. Lophotrochozoa
  3. Ecdysozoa
111
Q

The diagnostic feature of Chondrichthyes is _____.

A

an endoskeleton of calcified cartilage

112
Q

The Lophotrochozoa + Ecdysozoa is often called the __________.

A

Protostomes

113
Q

As hominins have evolved, sexual dimorphism has significantly __________.

A

reduced

114
Q

What are the 3 main groups of mammals?

A
  1. Monotremes - egg-laying
  2. Marsupials - pouch
  3. Eutherians - Placenta
115
Q

Members of the Lophotrochozoa clade have either ________________ or _______________.

A

a lophophore or a trochophore larva

(but some have neither)

116
Q

What is trochophore larva?

A

Tiny planktonic larval stage that has a band of cilia

117
Q

What is a lophophore?

A

Ring of ciliated hollow tentacles used for feeding/gas exchange.

118
Q

What are key features of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)?

A
  • Unitary and acoelomate
  • Incomplete guts
  • No organs for gas exchange so High SA/vol ratio
119
Q

What are some key features of planarians (most common flatworm)?

A
  • A brain and sensory structures
  • Regeneration
120
Q

What are the two parasitic flatworms?

A
  1. Trematodes - internal parasite of vertebrates
  2. Tapeworms - internal parasite of vertebrates
121
Q

A type of trematode (parasitic flatworm) is ____________, which causes schistosomiasis (liver damage).

A

Schistosoma

2 larval stages, the second of which infects mammals

122
Q

Tapeworms hold on to host with a _______ and most of their body chain is _________.

A

scolex

proglottids (egg, sperm)

123
Q

Syndermata are also know as _________.

A

Rotifers

124
Q

What are some key features of rotifers?

A
  • Unitary and pseudocoelomate
  • Have corona (crown of cilia)
  • Have mastax to chew up food
  • Can lose 99.5% body water and become cryptobiotic (inactive dormat state)
125
Q

Most rotifers undergo _______________.

A

cyclical parthenogenesis (diploid eggs that develop without fertilization)

126
Q

What is cyclical parthenogensis?

A

Asexual reproduction when conditions are good - females make diploid eggs that can develop without fertilization

Under bad conditions, they reproduce sexually to produce zygote

127
Q

Bdelloid rotifers are all _______ due to parthenogensis.

A

females

128
Q

What are some key features of Ectoprocts?

A
  • Colonial and coelomate
  • Use a lophophore for suspension feeding/gas exchange
  • Larvae undergoes metamorphoses and forms first member of colony which undergoes asexual reproduction
129
Q

What are some key features of Brachiopods?

A
  • Unitary and coelomate
  • Use lophophore for suspension feeding/gas exchange
  • Common in Paleozoic
130
Q

What are some key features of molluscs?

A
  • Unitary and coelomate
  • 3 body regions (foot, visceral mass, mantle)
  • mantle cavity (space lined by mantle)
  • radula (teeth)
131
Q

What are the 3 body regions of molluscs?

A
  1. Foot - movement
  2. Visceral mass - internal organs including complete gut
  3. Mantle - secretes shell
132
Q

Radula (teeth) in molluscs can be used for _______ or ________.

A

scraping

stabbing - secretes conotoxins

133
Q

Disulfide bridges are made from ________

A

cysteine

134
Q

Conotoxins are __________ of 10-30 amino acids that have at least one _______ bridge. They work to paralyze prey.

A

polypeptides

disulfide

135
Q

The conotoxin _________ binds to ion channels involved in sensitivity to pain. A synthetic form was made that is 1000 stronger than morphine.

A

ziconotide

136
Q

Most molluscs have a life cycle that includes a ____________ larval stage.

A

trochophore

137
Q

What are the 4 major groups of molluscs?

A
  1. Chitons - omnivores, strong radula
  2. Gastropods (snails) - one shell (snails) or no shell (slugs)
  3. Bivalves - two shells with hinge in between
  4. Cephalopods (squids, octopus) - Jet propulsion by shooting water out of a siphon
138
Q

What are some features of annelids?

A
  • unitary and coelomate
  • complete guts
  • trochophore larvae
  • segmented
139
Q

Each segment of annelids has its own _____________ and ____________.

A

coelomic cavity and brain

140
Q

2 large clades of annelids are:

A
  1. Errantians - move around via parapodium made of chaetae
  2. Sedentarians - earthworms and leeches
141
Q

Parapodia is used for ___________ and helps increase __________.

A

movement

SA-V ratio

142
Q

What is a clitellum?

A

Reproductive structure in earthworms and leeches.

143
Q

The Ecdysozoa are sister taxa to the __________. Together, they are called the ____________.

A

Lophotrochozoa

protostomes

144
Q

What phyla contains over 1,000,000 described species (~75% of ALL described animal species)?

A

Arthropods

145
Q

The bodies of all ecdysozoans are covered with an extracellular layer called the __________.

A

cuticle

146
Q

What are some key features of nematodes (roundworms)?

A
  • unitary and pseudocoelomate
  • Live virtually anywhere
  • Complete gut
147
Q

What is a nematode species that is an extremely important model system in developmental biology? What fixed number of somatic cells do adults of this species have?

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

959 somatic cells

148
Q

What phylum has millions of undescribed parasite species?

A

Nematodes (round worms)

149
Q

What nematode animal parasite is used to treat Crohn’s disease and colitis?

A

Trichurus suis (whipworm)

150
Q

Arthropods have a pair of _________ _________ on each segment.

A

jointed appendages

151
Q

What are 3 different tasks an arthropod can use its joined appendages for?

A
  1. Walking/swimming
  2. Feeding
  3. Gas exchange
152
Q

Early arthropods had segments that were ________ to one another. Modern arthropods have segments that are ___________.

A

similar

different (specialized for various tasks)

153
Q

Arthropods have an _______ circulatory system in which the blood is not always in a vessel.

A

open

154
Q

What are the 3 main clades of arthropods?

A
  1. chelicerates
  2. myriapods
  3. pancrustaceans
155
Q

What are the 2 body regions of chelicerates and how many pairs of walking legs do they have?

A

cephalothorax and abdomen

4 pairs

156
Q

What are 2 types of appendages used for feeding by chelicerates?

A

chelicerae - grab food, inject poison

pedipalps - sense food, grab food

157
Q

What are 3 phyla of chelicerates?

A
  1. Pycnogonids (sea spiders) - male paternal care
  2. Horseshoe crabs - “living fossils”
  3. Arachnids
158
Q

What are the 2 body regions of myriapods (ceni/millipedes)?

A

Head (with pair of antennae) and long trunk

159
Q

The pancrustacean clade includes:

A

crustaceans + insects

160
Q

What 3 body regions do crustaceans have?

A

Head, thorax, and abdomen

161
Q

Crustaceans have a ________ larval stage

A

nauplius (not much different from juvenile/adult)

162
Q

Insects have a unique gas exchange system in which spiracles on the thorax open into long, narrow tubes called ________.

A

trachea

163
Q

For insects, the thorax has _______ pairs of walking legs and the abdomen has no ________ _________.

A

3

jointed appendages

164
Q

Most insects have 2 pairs of wings which are large extensions of _________ on the thorax.

A

cuticle

165
Q

How did insect flight affect diversification?

A

A burst of diversification of both insects and angiosperms.

166
Q

Compare complete vs incomplete metamorphosis.

A

Complete - larva looks very different from juvenile/adult

Incomplete - at every molt, larval stages look like small adults

167
Q

Deuterostomes are sister taxon to the __________.

A

protostomes (lophotrochozoa + ecdysozoa)

168
Q

All deuterostomes are __________.

A

coelomate

169
Q

What are the 3 body parts of a hemichordate? What do they use their pharyngeal slits for?

A

Proboscis, collar, and trunk

Gas-exchange surface for respiration

170
Q

Echinoderm (sea star) larvae have ________ symmetry but adults have ________ symmetry.

A

bilateral

pentaradial

171
Q

Echinoderms have water vascular system that they use for:

A
  • locomotion
  • feeding
  • gas exchange (respiration)
172
Q

5 phyla of echinoderms are:

A
  1. Crinoids - oldest, suspension feeders
  2. Sea stars - motile predators
  3. Brittle stars - motile
  4. Sea urchins - motile, large spikes
  5. Sea cucumbers - motile, suspension-feeders
173
Q

Chordates are all _________ symmetrical, coelomate, and _____________

A

bilaterally

segmented

174
Q

What are 4 key traits that define chordates?

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. muscular, post-anal tail
175
Q

What are the 3 things that can happen to the notochord?

A
  1. Cephalochordates have it their whole lives
  2. Urochordates lose it at metamorphosis
  3. For Vertebrates, it becomes part of the vertebral column
176
Q

What are the two “invertebrate” groups within the chordates?

A

Cephalochordates and Urochordates

177
Q

Cephalochordate (lancelets) are known as ______ chordates.

A
178
Q

Urochordates (tail chordates) only have those key chordate traits in the _______ stage.

A

larval

179
Q

Urochordates secrete an exoskeleton of cellulose (a “tunic”) are are often called __________

A

tunicates

180
Q

What are the 3 groups of urochordates?

A
  1. Ascidians (sea squirts)
  2. Thaliaceans (giant condoms)
  3. Larvaceans - never metamorphosis
181
Q

What is the correct order of events in fungal sexual reproduction?

A

plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, germination

182
Q

Hyphae with two nuclei per cell are called _____.

A

dikaryotic

183
Q

During the development of most animals, cleavage leads to a _________ __________.

A

multicellular blastula

184
Q

Name the embryonic stages in the order that they develop?

A

zygote, blastula, gastrula, larva

185
Q

All animals with bilateral symmetry have __________ germ layer(s).

A

3

186
Q

All animals with radial symmetry have __________ germ layer(s).

A

2

187
Q

The zygotes of many protostomes undergo __________ cleavage and __________ cleavage.

A

spiral…determinate

188
Q

An animal with a true coelom that has __________ cleavage must be a(n) __________.

A

radial….deuterostome

189
Q

Some species of rotifers undergo parthenogenesis, which means that __________.

A

females ONLY that produce more females

190
Q

Molting is also called ________.

A

ectysis

191
Q

What are some key characteristics of vertebrates?

A
  • A jointed dorsal vertebral column surrounds dorsal nerve chord
  • Hox genes
  • A skull
192
Q

Vertebrates have at least _______ copies of Hox genes.

A

2

*Usually have more

193
Q

What are the 2 cyclostomes (jawless fishes)?

A
  1. Hagfish - cartilagenous skeleton/skull, secrete slime for defense
  2. Lamprey - cartilagenous skeleton/skull, larvae called ammocoetes

*Both have tooth-like structure made of keratin

194
Q

What are the key features of gnathostomes?

A
  • jaws
  • mineralized skeleton
  • Paired pectoral/pelvic fins
195
Q

Jaws evolved from skeletal ______ that supported the _______around the slits.

A

arches

pharynx

196
Q

What are the 3 clades of Gnathostomes?

A
  1. Chondrichthyans (sharks, rays)
  2. Actinopterygiians (ray-finned fishes)
  3. Lobe-fins
197
Q

Chondrichthyans are known as __________ fishes since their skeltons contain no bone.

A

cartilagenous

198
Q

For actinopterygians, outgrowths of the gut evolved into __________ _________ in ray finned fishes and __________ in other bony vertebrates.

A

swim bladders

lungs

199
Q

For actinoptergians, ________ covers the gills.

A

operculum

200
Q

A type of lobe-fin called __________ (Actinistia) was thought to be extinct but living specimens were found in 1938.

A

coelocanths

201
Q

___________ (Dipnoi) have lungs and gills but only use the ________ for breathing.

A

Lungfishes

lungs

202
Q

In what group of animals did new bones in the pectoral/pelvic fins first appear that allowed it to support itself in shallow water?

A

Lobe-fins

203
Q

The bones in the pectoral/pelvic fins eventually become more complex and formed limbs with ________ used for walking/running.

A

digits

204
Q

What are some traits of tetrapods?

A
  • a neck
  • a pelvic girdle
  • pharyneal slits used for functions OTHER than respiration
205
Q

_____________ is a recently-discovered fossil that share traits of both lob-finned fishes and tetrapods.

A

Tiktaalik

206
Q

What are the two life phases of amphibians?

A

aquatic larva - lacks limbs, post-anal tail, gills

adult - has limbs, lungs, no tail

207
Q

Why are amphibians confined to moist habitats?

A
  • Aquatic larvae
  • Eggs DO NOT have a shell
  • Most adults use both lungs and diffusion
208
Q

What are the 3 clades of amphibians?

A
  1. Salamanders
  2. Anurans (frogs/toads)
  3. Caecilians (wormlike, lost limbs)
209
Q

Amniotes have an _________ egg and include which two phlya?

A

amniotic - embryo surrounded by 4 membranes and shell

reptillia and mammals

210
Q

What are the 4 membranes that amniotic eggs have?

A
  1. Amnion - protects embryo
  2. Allantois - gas exchange, waste
  3. Yolk sac - nutrients
  4. Chorion - gas exchange
211
Q

Amniotes can be fully terrestrial because the amniotic egg develops in an ___________ environment.

A

aqueous

212
Q

What are 2 key features of amniotes?

A
  1. Amniotic egg
  2. Negative pressure lung ventilation
213
Q

Reptiles have an outer layer of skin that forms _________ and contain the protein __________.

A

scales

keratin

214
Q

What are 3 key features of reptiles?

A
  1. Scales (kertain)
  2. Internal fertilization (oviparity or ovoviviparity)
  3. Exothermic
215
Q

Compare oviparity and ovoviviparity.

A

oviparity - deposit amniotic egg on land

ovoviviparity - egg develops in mother, gives birth to juveniles

216
Q

What are the 3 clades of living reptiles?

A
  1. Turtles
  2. Archosaurs
  3. Lepidosaurs (overlapping scales)
217
Q

What are the 2 groups of lepidosaurs (overlapping scales)?

A
  1. Tuataras - New Zealand ONLY
  2. Squamates (lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians)
218
Q

What are the 2 groups of Archosaurs?

A
  1. Crocodilians
  2. Birds (therapods)
219
Q

What are 5 key features of therapods (birds)?

A
  1. Bipedal
  2. Furcula
  3. Hollow bones
  4. Three fingered limbs
  5. Feathers (insulation)
220
Q

What are the 2 main groups of birds?

A

Paleognaths - flighless birds

Neognaths

221
Q

200 mya one lineage of ________ split off to form a clade called mammals.

A

synapsids

222
Q

What are 5 key features of animals?

A
  1. Sweat Glands
  2. Mammary glands
  3. Hair
  4. Differentiated teeth
  5. Bones in middle ear
223
Q

Which of the following chordate characteristics contributes most to the formation of mammal’s ears?

A

pharyngeal slits/clefts

224
Q

A __________ is a chordate but not a vertebrate.

A

lancelet (cephalochordate)

225
Q

Which of the following chordate characteristics contributes most to suspension-feeding devices in many invertebrate chordates?

A

pharyngeal slits/clefts

226
Q

___________ are jawless invertebrae chordates and __________ are jawless vertebrae chordates.

A

Lancelet

Lamprey

227
Q

What is the correct order of probable ancestors of modern humans from the earliest to the most recent?

A

Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Homo

228
Q

What is a common species and traits of monotremes?

A

platypus

  • lay eggs
  • no placenta
  • mammary glands but NO nipples
  • sprawling orientation
229
Q

What are some key traits of primates?

A
  • limbs with grasping hands and feet (except humans don’t have a thumb on their feet)
  • flat face, eyes forward
230
Q

Anthropoids include what two monkey groups?

A

Old Wolrd - NO prehinsile tail, ground-dwelling

New World - prehensile tails and arboreal (tree dwelling)

231
Q

What was one key trait that evolved in the common ancestor of hominins?

A

bipedal locomotion

232
Q

Members of the ______ genus have larger brains and less elongated faces than their hominin relatives.

A

Homo

233
Q

The earliest species of the genus Homo is _______.

A

habilis

234
Q

“Ardi” is in the genus ________.

“Lucy” is in the genus Homo _______.

A

Sahelanthropus

Australopithecus

235
Q

For the genus Homo, as brain size _________, jaw size ________.

A

increases, decreased

236
Q

Homo sapiens evolved in ________.

A

Africa

Biology 211 (5 decks)

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