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Lab Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Internal vs External fertilization

A

Internal fertilization occurs inside the body. External fertilization occurs when gametes are released into the external environment- which more often occurs in aquatic than terrestrial environments

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2
Q

What surrounds the human kidney?

A

A tough renal capsule that provides protection

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the renal cortex?

A

It’s the location of ultrafiltration, the superficial portion under the capsule, contains the majority of nephrons, and is reddish brown + granular in appearance

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the renal medulla?

A

deeper, hypertonic to aid in water reabsorption, darker than cortex

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5
Q

Where does each nephron begin?

A

at a renal corpuscle

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6
Q

What is the renal corpuscle formed from?

A

the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus

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7
Q

How is blood brought to the kidneys & filtered?

A

It’s brought through renal arteries and filtered in the glomerulus within the glomerular capsule

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8
Q

What makes up the renal tubule?

A

the proximal tubule, nephron loop, and distal tubule

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9
Q

What does the proximal tubule do?

A

carries the filtrate from the renal corpuscle to the nephron loop. As the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule, water, ions, and nutrients are reabsorbed

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10
Q

What are the two sections of the nephron loop & what are their functions?

A

the descending limb and the ascending limb. The descending limb reabsorbs water from the filtrate, while the ascending limb removes salt.

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11
Q

What is the function of the distal tubule?

A

regulates the ion concentrations and pH of the filtrate

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12
Q

What happens at the apex of the renal pyramid?

A

minor calyces transport urine from the collecting ducts to the major calyces, which carry it to the renal pelvis

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13
Q

What is the renal pelvis and what is its function?

A

The renal pelvis is a large, funnel-shaped chamber inside of the renal medulla that carries urine to the ureter

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14
Q

What happens to urine when it leaves the kidney?

A

it travels down the ureters to the urinary bladder, a temporary storage site, then exits the body through the urethra

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15
Q

Where do female gametes begin developing?

A

Within follicles in the ovaries

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16
Q

Where do eggs go when they are released in ovulation?

A

the uterine tubes

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17
Q

Where do uterine tubes begin?

A

at a large, funnel-like structure called the infundibulum

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18
Q

What is the function of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?

A

provide the suction to pull the newly released oocyte into the infundibulum

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19
Q

What are the three walls of the uterus?

A

the perimetrium is the outermost layer
the myometrium is the middle muscular layer
the endometrium is the inner layer

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20
Q

What is shed during menstration?

A

the functional portion of the endometrium

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21
Q

What are the sections of the uterus and what are their functions?

A

The main portion is the body. Toward the inferior end, the uterus narrows into the cervix. Below the cervix, a fibromuscular elastic tube, known as the vagina, connects the uterus to the external environment.

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22
Q

Labia majora vs minora

A

The labia majora are the larger, outer folds of tissue, while the labia minora are the smaller, inner folds of tissue

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23
Q

What is the clitoris composed of?

A

erectile tissue and many sensory receptors

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24
Q

Where are male gametes produced?

A

seminiferous tubules within the testes

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25
Q

Where are the testes kept?

A

the scrotum

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26
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

a storage sight for sperm after they leave the seminiferous tubules, this is where they mature & develop flagella

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27
Q

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

A

transport sperm out of the epididymis, contracting to propel the sperm to the ejaculatory ducts

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28
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

produce secretions that are important components in semen

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29
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

produces secretions that travel through the urethra

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30
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

internal fertilization

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31
Q

What is the path of sperm through the male reproductive structures?

A

seminiferous tubules to epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory ducts to prostate gland to urethra to external urethral orifice

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32
Q

What is the path of a neural signal?

A

dendrites receive signal, travels to cell body, axon hillock integrates and transmits it to the axon, travels the axon to axon terminals which release neurotransmitters to relay message to other neurons/muscles/organs

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33
Q

What kind of nerve system does porifera have?

A

none

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34
Q

What kind of nerve system do cnidarians have?

A

a nerve net

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35
Q

The central nervous system in vertebrates is composed of the brain and spinal cord, covered by ____?

A

3 layers of tissue called meninges

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36
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid & what is it produced by?

A

The brain floats in CSF, protecting it. It’s produced by meninges and the ventricular system

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37
Q

What does the automatic nervous system control?

A

involuntary processes like digestive peristalsis

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38
Q

What is/are the function(s) of the motor nervous system?

A

transmits sensory stimuli from skin, sensory organs, and muscles to the CNS and carries motor commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands

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39
Q

Which structures are within the brain?

A

ventricular system, cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem

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40
Q

What covers the cerebrum?

A

a thick layer of tissue called the cerebral cortex

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41
Q

What are the 2 components of the cerebral cortex?

A

a series of folds called gyri and grooves called sulci

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42
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure divide?

A

the right and left hemisphere

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43
Q

What connects the two hemispheres?

A

the corpus callosum

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44
Q

Where is the frontal lobe and what is its function?

A

The front of the cerebrum. Controls cognitive functions like speech, attentiveness, and decision making. Involved in the formation of personality and socialization, as well as the ability to evaluate risk

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45
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb found?

A

The frontal lobe

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46
Q

Where is the parietal lobe and what is its function?

A

The superior surface of the cerebrum. Functions in speech, literacy, somatosensation, and proprioception

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47
Q

Where is the occipital lobe and what is its function?

A

the back of the cerebrum. Primarily involved in interpreting visual stimuli

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48
Q

Where is the temporal lobe and what is its function?

A

The lateral surface of the cerebrum. Processes and interprets sounds

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49
Q

What is somatosensation?

A

touch sensations like pressure, pain, or heat/cold

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50
Q

What is proprioception?

A

the sense of how parts of the body are oriented in space

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51
Q

Where is the hippocampus located and what is its function?

A

The temporal lobe. Processes memory formation

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52
Q

What does the diencephalon contain?

A

the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland

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53
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Modulating conscious awareness of sensory and/or motor inputs. Regulates consciousness and sleep states

54
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls the endocrine system by signaling the pituitary gland. Controls body temperature, hunger/thirst, energy usage, circadian rhythms, and parenting and attachment behaviors

55
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

an endocrine gland that produces several types of hormones which control other glands as well as target cells

56
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

controls balance and aids in coordinating movement and learning motor skills

57
Q

What is the brain stem composed of and what is its function?

A

It is composed of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons.

Relays signals between the brain and the spinal cord, controls alertness, breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, and the integration of sensory and motor information.

58
Q

White vs. grey matter

A

White composed of myelinated axons. Grey composed of neuron cell bodies, glial cells, and contains interneurons

59
Q

What are interneurons?

A

cells which have the ability to connect two neurons that are located in different areas of the body

60
Q

What are found in the dorsal gray horns and ventral gray horns?

A

axons and cell bodies

61
Q

Dorsal gray horns vs. ventral gray horn functions

A

dorsal horns carry sensory info, ventral horns carry motor signals

62
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

The sensory (afferent) neuron cell bodies

63
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Connector to the motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord

64
Q

What is a photoreceptor?

A

specialized cells found in animal eyes that convert light stimuli into electrochemical signals

65
Q

What is ommatilda?

A

Independent repeating units that make up compound eyes. Each ommatidium is a separate visual receptor, composed of a lens, one transparent cone, pigment cells, and light-sensitive cells arranged in a radial pattern

66
Q

What are the layers of the eye?

A

a fibrous tunic, a vascular tunic, and a neural tunic

67
Q

What is the sclera?

A

The white part of the fibrous tunic, opaque and reinforced with collagen and elastic fibers

68
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The transparent part of the fibrous tunic. It refracts light and accounts for 2/3 of the eyes optical power

69
Q

What is the pupil?

A

An aperture in the vascular tunic that allows light into the eye

70
Q

What is the iris?

A

Colored structure that surrounds the pupil, controls the amount of light that reaches the retina

71
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

A structure behind the pupil that suspends the lens of the eye

72
Q

What are the ciliary muscles?

A

Muscles within the ciliary body that can adjust the focal distance of the eye

73
Q

What is the choroid?

A

The portion of the vascular tunic that is posterior to the ciliary body which contains capillaries that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the retina

74
Q

What is the retina?

A

The part of the eye containing photoreceptor cells

75
Q

What are the two types of photorecptors?

A

rods and cones

76
Q

Rods vs. cones

A

Rods: more, work well in low light to produce b&w vision

Cones: fewer, work best in bright light, create color vision

Both transmit signals to optic nerve

77
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

A fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye. Transports nutrients, removes waste, and provides cushioning

78
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

Fluid filling the posterior cavity of the eye. Has a high concentration of proteins.

79
Q

What is the tympanum?

A

A membrane in the ear which sound waves strike

80
Q

What is the pinna?

A

An external, cartilaginous structure that collects sound waves in mammals

81
Q

What is the external acoustic canal?

A

The funnel shaped pinna in the human ear

82
Q

What is ear wax called?

A

cerumen

83
Q

What are the auditory ossicles and what are their function?

A

The malleus, incus, and stapes. These bones amplify and transfer vibrations to the inner ear

84
Q

What is the auditory tube and what is its function?

A

The structure that connects the middle ear to the pharynx. It regulates air pressure within the middle ear

85
Q

What is the oval window?

A

The structure separating the inner ear from the middle ear

86
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

A structure in the inner ear containing hair cells that convert vibrations into electrochemical signals

87
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

To transmit signals from the cochlea to the brain

88
Q

What is the function of semicircular canals?

A

control balance and interpret velocity & position of the head

89
Q

What are the 3 types of musculoskeletal systems?

A
  1. Hydrostatic skeletons: usually seen in soft bodied animals in aquatic environments
  2. Exoskeletons: usually seen in terrestrial invertebrates. Muscles attached to external skeleton.
  3. Endoskeletons: seen in vertebrates. Composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments
90
Q

What are osteons?

A

The units that make up compact bone tissue. Cylindrical in shape

91
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

The living cells in osteons

92
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

The canals that connect lacunae

93
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Pockets containing osteocytes

94
Q

What is the function of the central canal in osteons?

A

It allows blood vessels and nerve fibers to run through the middle of each osteon

95
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Bone tissue made up of trabecular with no osteons, irregular spaces allow for compression

96
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

The inner layer of long bones

97
Q

What are condrocytes?

A

Specialized cells that make up hyaline cartilage. Found on rib ends, respiratory tract, nose, ears, and surface of joints

98
Q

Which bones are flat?

A

Cranial, ribs, sternum, scapula, carpals, and tarsals

99
Q

Which bones are irregular?

A

Facial, hyoid, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, and coxal bones

100
Q

Which bones are sesamoid?

A

The patella

101
Q

Which bones are long?

A

Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, digits, femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsals

102
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

103
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

104
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

clavicles and acpulae

105
Q

What bones make up the pelvic girdle?

A

ilium, ischium, and pubis

106
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Repeating units that make up a myofibril

107
Q

Where is the M-line on a sarcomere?

A

the center

108
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The site where bone and muscle are attached but do not move during contraction

109
Q

What is insertion of a muscle?

A

The place where one end of a muscle is attached to the freely moving bone of its joint

110
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

Pairs of muscles whose contractions create opposing movements

111
Q

What is adduction?

A

Muscle contractions that move the limb closer to the midline of the body

112
Q

What is abduction?

A

Muscle contractions that move a limb further from the midline of the body

113
Q

What is extension?

A

Movement that increases the angle between the bones at a joint

114
Q

What is flexion?

A

Movement that decreases the angle between bones at a joint

115
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Contractions that generate force without changing the length of the muscle or producing movement at a joint

116
Q

What is an isogenic contraction?

A

A contraction that generates force by changing the length of the muscle, which results in movement at a joint

117
Q

Anterior vs. posterior muscles

A

Anterior muscles are on the front of the body, posterior muscles are on the back

118
Q

What is an example of a muscle that uses extension movement?

A

Latissimus dorsi, Triceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris

119
Q

What is an example of a muscle that uses flexor movement?

A

Hamstring and biceps brachii

120
Q

What is an example of a muscle that uses abductor movement?

A

deltoids

121
Q

Do you know where muscles are and what their names are?

A

hopefully

122
Q

What are bryophytes?

A

Bryophyta, hepatophyta, and anthocerophyta

123
Q

What is the dominant generation in bryophyta?

A

gametophyte

124
Q

Are sperm flagellated in bryophytes?

A

Yes

125
Q

What is the archegonia?

A

The structure that produces eggs

126
Q

What is the antheridia?

A

The structure that produces sperm

127
Q

What is a fern leaf called?

A

fronds

128
Q

What is the female pine cone called?

A

Megasporangium

129
Q

What is the male pine cone called?

A

Microsporangium

130
Q

Is corn a monocot or dicot?

A

monocot

131
Q

Is a bean a monocot or dicot?

A

dicot

132
Q
A

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