Lab Final Flashcards
Internal vs External fertilization
Internal fertilization occurs inside the body. External fertilization occurs when gametes are released into the external environment- which more often occurs in aquatic than terrestrial environments
What surrounds the human kidney?
A tough renal capsule that provides protection
What are the characteristics of the renal cortex?
It’s the location of ultrafiltration, the superficial portion under the capsule, contains the majority of nephrons, and is reddish brown + granular in appearance
What are the characteristics of the renal medulla?
deeper, hypertonic to aid in water reabsorption, darker than cortex
Where does each nephron begin?
at a renal corpuscle
What is the renal corpuscle formed from?
the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus
How is blood brought to the kidneys & filtered?
It’s brought through renal arteries and filtered in the glomerulus within the glomerular capsule
What makes up the renal tubule?
the proximal tubule, nephron loop, and distal tubule
What does the proximal tubule do?
carries the filtrate from the renal corpuscle to the nephron loop. As the filtrate passes through the proximal tubule, water, ions, and nutrients are reabsorbed
What are the two sections of the nephron loop & what are their functions?
the descending limb and the ascending limb. The descending limb reabsorbs water from the filtrate, while the ascending limb removes salt.
What is the function of the distal tubule?
regulates the ion concentrations and pH of the filtrate
What happens at the apex of the renal pyramid?
minor calyces transport urine from the collecting ducts to the major calyces, which carry it to the renal pelvis
What is the renal pelvis and what is its function?
The renal pelvis is a large, funnel-shaped chamber inside of the renal medulla that carries urine to the ureter
What happens to urine when it leaves the kidney?
it travels down the ureters to the urinary bladder, a temporary storage site, then exits the body through the urethra
Where do female gametes begin developing?
Within follicles in the ovaries
Where do eggs go when they are released in ovulation?
the uterine tubes
Where do uterine tubes begin?
at a large, funnel-like structure called the infundibulum
What is the function of fimbriae in the female reproductive system?
provide the suction to pull the newly released oocyte into the infundibulum
What are the three walls of the uterus?
the perimetrium is the outermost layer
the myometrium is the middle muscular layer
the endometrium is the inner layer
What is shed during menstration?
the functional portion of the endometrium
What are the sections of the uterus and what are their functions?
The main portion is the body. Toward the inferior end, the uterus narrows into the cervix. Below the cervix, a fibromuscular elastic tube, known as the vagina, connects the uterus to the external environment.
Labia majora vs minora
The labia majora are the larger, outer folds of tissue, while the labia minora are the smaller, inner folds of tissue
What is the clitoris composed of?
erectile tissue and many sensory receptors
Where are male gametes produced?
seminiferous tubules within the testes
Where are the testes kept?
the scrotum
What is the function of the epididymis?
a storage sight for sperm after they leave the seminiferous tubules, this is where they mature & develop flagella
What is the function of the ductus deferens?
transport sperm out of the epididymis, contracting to propel the sperm to the ejaculatory ducts
What is the function of the seminal vesicles?
produce secretions that are important components in semen
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
produces secretions that travel through the urethra
What is the function of the penis?
internal fertilization
What is the path of sperm through the male reproductive structures?
seminiferous tubules to epididymis to ductus deferens to ejaculatory ducts to prostate gland to urethra to external urethral orifice
What is the path of a neural signal?
dendrites receive signal, travels to cell body, axon hillock integrates and transmits it to the axon, travels the axon to axon terminals which release neurotransmitters to relay message to other neurons/muscles/organs
What kind of nerve system does porifera have?
none
What kind of nerve system do cnidarians have?
a nerve net
The central nervous system in vertebrates is composed of the brain and spinal cord, covered by ____?
3 layers of tissue called meninges
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid & what is it produced by?
The brain floats in CSF, protecting it. It’s produced by meninges and the ventricular system
What does the automatic nervous system control?
involuntary processes like digestive peristalsis
What is/are the function(s) of the motor nervous system?
transmits sensory stimuli from skin, sensory organs, and muscles to the CNS and carries motor commands from the CNS to the muscles and glands
Which structures are within the brain?
ventricular system, cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem
What covers the cerebrum?
a thick layer of tissue called the cerebral cortex
What are the 2 components of the cerebral cortex?
a series of folds called gyri and grooves called sulci
What does the longitudinal fissure divide?
the right and left hemisphere
What connects the two hemispheres?
the corpus callosum
Where is the frontal lobe and what is its function?
The front of the cerebrum. Controls cognitive functions like speech, attentiveness, and decision making. Involved in the formation of personality and socialization, as well as the ability to evaluate risk
Where is the olfactory bulb found?
The frontal lobe
Where is the parietal lobe and what is its function?
The superior surface of the cerebrum. Functions in speech, literacy, somatosensation, and proprioception
Where is the occipital lobe and what is its function?
the back of the cerebrum. Primarily involved in interpreting visual stimuli
Where is the temporal lobe and what is its function?
The lateral surface of the cerebrum. Processes and interprets sounds
What is somatosensation?
touch sensations like pressure, pain, or heat/cold
What is proprioception?
the sense of how parts of the body are oriented in space
Where is the hippocampus located and what is its function?
The temporal lobe. Processes memory formation
What does the diencephalon contain?
the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pituitary gland
What is the function of the thalamus?
Modulating conscious awareness of sensory and/or motor inputs. Regulates consciousness and sleep states
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Controls the endocrine system by signaling the pituitary gland. Controls body temperature, hunger/thirst, energy usage, circadian rhythms, and parenting and attachment behaviors
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
an endocrine gland that produces several types of hormones which control other glands as well as target cells
What is the function of the cerebellum?
controls balance and aids in coordinating movement and learning motor skills
What is the brain stem composed of and what is its function?
It is composed of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons.
Relays signals between the brain and the spinal cord, controls alertness, breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, digestion, and the integration of sensory and motor information.
White vs. grey matter
White composed of myelinated axons. Grey composed of neuron cell bodies, glial cells, and contains interneurons
What are interneurons?
cells which have the ability to connect two neurons that are located in different areas of the body
What are found in the dorsal gray horns and ventral gray horns?
axons and cell bodies
Dorsal gray horns vs. ventral gray horn functions
dorsal horns carry sensory info, ventral horns carry motor signals
What is the dorsal root ganglion?
The sensory (afferent) neuron cell bodies
What is the ventral root?
Connector to the motor neuron cell bodies in the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord
What is a photoreceptor?
specialized cells found in animal eyes that convert light stimuli into electrochemical signals
What is ommatilda?
Independent repeating units that make up compound eyes. Each ommatidium is a separate visual receptor, composed of a lens, one transparent cone, pigment cells, and light-sensitive cells arranged in a radial pattern
What are the layers of the eye?
a fibrous tunic, a vascular tunic, and a neural tunic
What is the sclera?
The white part of the fibrous tunic, opaque and reinforced with collagen and elastic fibers
What is the cornea?
The transparent part of the fibrous tunic. It refracts light and accounts for 2/3 of the eyes optical power
What is the pupil?
An aperture in the vascular tunic that allows light into the eye
What is the iris?
Colored structure that surrounds the pupil, controls the amount of light that reaches the retina
What is the ciliary body?
A structure behind the pupil that suspends the lens of the eye
What are the ciliary muscles?
Muscles within the ciliary body that can adjust the focal distance of the eye
What is the choroid?
The portion of the vascular tunic that is posterior to the ciliary body which contains capillaries that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the retina
What is the retina?
The part of the eye containing photoreceptor cells
What are the two types of photorecptors?
rods and cones
Rods vs. cones
Rods: more, work well in low light to produce b&w vision
Cones: fewer, work best in bright light, create color vision
Both transmit signals to optic nerve
What is aqueous humor?
A fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye. Transports nutrients, removes waste, and provides cushioning
What is vitreous humor?
Fluid filling the posterior cavity of the eye. Has a high concentration of proteins.
What is the tympanum?
A membrane in the ear which sound waves strike
What is the pinna?
An external, cartilaginous structure that collects sound waves in mammals
What is the external acoustic canal?
The funnel shaped pinna in the human ear
What is ear wax called?
cerumen
What are the auditory ossicles and what are their function?
The malleus, incus, and stapes. These bones amplify and transfer vibrations to the inner ear
What is the auditory tube and what is its function?
The structure that connects the middle ear to the pharynx. It regulates air pressure within the middle ear
What is the oval window?
The structure separating the inner ear from the middle ear
What is the cochlea?
A structure in the inner ear containing hair cells that convert vibrations into electrochemical signals
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
To transmit signals from the cochlea to the brain
What is the function of semicircular canals?
control balance and interpret velocity & position of the head
What are the 3 types of musculoskeletal systems?
- Hydrostatic skeletons: usually seen in soft bodied animals in aquatic environments
- Exoskeletons: usually seen in terrestrial invertebrates. Muscles attached to external skeleton.
- Endoskeletons: seen in vertebrates. Composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments
What are osteons?
The units that make up compact bone tissue. Cylindrical in shape
What are osteocytes?
The living cells in osteons
What are canaliculi?
The canals that connect lacunae
What are lacunae?
Pockets containing osteocytes
What is the function of the central canal in osteons?
It allows blood vessels and nerve fibers to run through the middle of each osteon
What is spongy bone?
Bone tissue made up of trabecular with no osteons, irregular spaces allow for compression
Where is spongy bone found?
The inner layer of long bones
What are condrocytes?
Specialized cells that make up hyaline cartilage. Found on rib ends, respiratory tract, nose, ears, and surface of joints
Which bones are flat?
Cranial, ribs, sternum, scapula, carpals, and tarsals
Which bones are irregular?
Facial, hyoid, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, and coxal bones
Which bones are sesamoid?
The patella
Which bones are long?
Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, digits, femur, tibia, fibula, and metatarsals
What is the axial skeleton?
The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
clavicles and acpulae
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
ilium, ischium, and pubis
What is a sarcomere?
Repeating units that make up a myofibril
Where is the M-line on a sarcomere?
the center
What is the origin of a muscle?
The site where bone and muscle are attached but do not move during contraction
What is insertion of a muscle?
The place where one end of a muscle is attached to the freely moving bone of its joint
What is an antagonistic pair?
Pairs of muscles whose contractions create opposing movements
What is adduction?
Muscle contractions that move the limb closer to the midline of the body
What is abduction?
Muscle contractions that move a limb further from the midline of the body
What is extension?
Movement that increases the angle between the bones at a joint
What is flexion?
Movement that decreases the angle between bones at a joint
What is an isometric contraction?
Contractions that generate force without changing the length of the muscle or producing movement at a joint
What is an isogenic contraction?
A contraction that generates force by changing the length of the muscle, which results in movement at a joint
Anterior vs. posterior muscles
Anterior muscles are on the front of the body, posterior muscles are on the back
What is an example of a muscle that uses extension movement?
Latissimus dorsi, Triceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris
What is an example of a muscle that uses flexor movement?
Hamstring and biceps brachii
What is an example of a muscle that uses abductor movement?
deltoids
Do you know where muscles are and what their names are?
hopefully
What are bryophytes?
Bryophyta, hepatophyta, and anthocerophyta
What is the dominant generation in bryophyta?
gametophyte
Are sperm flagellated in bryophytes?
Yes
What is the archegonia?
The structure that produces eggs
What is the antheridia?
The structure that produces sperm
What is a fern leaf called?
fronds
What is the female pine cone called?
Megasporangium
What is the male pine cone called?
Microsporangium
Is corn a monocot or dicot?
monocot
Is a bean a monocot or dicot?
dicot
